Emerging Contaminants Handbook

470 Pages·2019·14.2 MB·\470

by  Caitlin H. Bell (Editor), Margaret Gentile (Editor), Erica Kalve (Editor), Ian Ross (Editor), John Horst (Editor), Suthan Suthersan (Editor)

Emerging Contaminants
Handbook

Emerging Contaminants
Handbook
Edited by
Caitlin H. Bell, Margaret Gentile,
Erica Kalve, Ian Ross,
John Horst, and Suthan Suthersan
With foreword by Thomas K.G. Mohr
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bell, Caitlin H., author.
Title: Emerging contaminants handbook / Caitlin H. Bell, Erica Kalve, Ian
Ross, John Horst and Margaret Gentile.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic
division of T&F Informa, plc, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018036093 | ISBN 9781138062948 (hardback : acid-free paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Pollutants—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC TD176.4 .B45 2018 | DDC 363.738—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018036093
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In Memoriam
SUTHAN SUTHERSAN, PhD, PE
The idea for this book came from Dr. Suthan Suthersan, who
sadly and unexpectedly passed away before the project could
be completed. Throughout his 30-year career, Dr. Suthersan
was an inspirational leader and trusted friend to many in
the field of environmental remediation. His groundbreaking
work and vision for the future showed us time after time why
he was acknowledged as one of the most knowledgeable,
energetic, and creative people in the field of remediation.
Dr. Suthersan grew up in numerous rural villages across Sri Lanka
because of his father’s frequent transfers working for the railways.
Despite significant financial pressure, his parents unselfishly
supported their children, both encouraging them and setting very
high expectations for their educational progress. Dr. Suthersan’s
engineering journey began at the Jaffna College and then the
University of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, where he obtained a degree in
Civil Engineering. The political climate of Sri Lanka was tumultuous,
and he endured multiple closings of the university during his four
vi In Memoriam
years in Peradeniya. After a brief time at the National Water Supply
and Drainage Board, Dr. Suthersan obtained scholarships to the
Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, Thailand, and then the
University of Toronto where he obtained his Masters and PhD
degrees in Environmental Engineering and Waste Water Engineering.
After graduation, Dr. Suthersan secured a short-term research and
development position at the University of Wyoming. During his stay
in Wyoming, Dr. Suthersan married his wonderful wife, Sumathy.
In 1986, Dr. Suthersan became a consulting engineer with
Groundwater Technology Inc. (GTI) at their corporate office in
Norwood, Massachusetts. It was a special place at that time where
many of the leading remediation practitioners were trained during
those early years of the industry. In 1990, Dr. Suthersan joined the
much-respected consulting company Geraghty and Miller (which
later became Arcadis) where he came under the direct tutelage
of David Miller, the founder of the company. In Dr. Suthersan’s
own words, this move “began the most productive, enjoyable
and rewarding portion of my engineering journey.” Until his
passing in early 2017, Dr. Suthersan was Chief Technical Officer
and Executive Vice President at Arcadis, where he tirelessly
worked to make groundbreaking contributions toward technology
development, and developing best practices and knowledge-sharing
platforms. Over the years, Dr. Suthersan was awarded more than
20 technology patents and he authored four books: Remediation
Engineering (1996), Natural and Enhanced Remediation Systems
(2001), In Situ Remediation Engineering (2004), and the second
edition of Remediation Engineering (2017). Dr. Suthersan also
contributed to the groundwater remediation community through
a regularly featured column in the journal of Ground water
Monitoring and Remediation, which continues today. Throughout
all of his success, Suthan maintained a passion for promoting
and empowering young staff to “see beyond others”; mentoring
them to embrace change and show courage and curiosity; and
constantly reminding them that collaboration is the key to success.
This is Dr. Suthersan’s final book. His motivation for starting the
project came from a recognition of how the Information Age has
had a profound effect on the speed with which new contaminants
In Memoriam vii
make it into the public consciousness, such that the dialogue
outpaces the science. He also recognized that the topic of emerging
contaminants is vast, complex, and fraught with sensitivity.
Consequently, rather than attempting something comprehensive, he
envisioned a handbook that addresses a set of contaminants in the
mainstream dialogue with information on contaminant sources, the
status of toxicological research and regulations, and technologies
for characterization and (mainly) groundwater treatment.
We dedicate this book to him. His legacy will continue to
inspire and guide engineers, scientists, regulators, students,
and researchers around the world to advance our shared
mission of improving the quality of life—today, tomorrow,
and long into the future. He will be dearly missed.

Table of Contents
List of Figures ..........................................................................................................xv
List of Tables ...........................................................................................................xix
Foreword ..............................................................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xxv
Editors ..................................................................................................................xxvii
Contributors ..........................................................................................................xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Emerging Contaminants ..............................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Who Identifies Emerging Contaminants? .................................3
1.2.1 United States Environmental Protection Agency .........4
1.2.2 United States Department of Defense ..........................6
1.2.3 United States Geologic Survey .....................................7
1.2.4 State Agencies in the United States..............................7
1.2.5 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants ......................................................................8
1.2.6 European Union ...........................................................9
1.2.7 Australian National Environment Protection
Council .......................................................................10
1.3 What is the Life Cycle of an Emerging Contaminant? ...........11
1.4 What are the Key Challenges Associated with
Emerging Contaminants? ........................................................15
1.5 The Need for Balance ..............................................................17
1.6 This Book ................................................................................19
Acronyms.................................................................................25
Chapter 2 1,4-Dioxane ........................................................................................27
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................27
2.2 Basic Information ....................................................................27
2.3 Toxicity and Risk Assessment .................................................32
2.3.1 Potential Noncancer Effects .......................................33
2.3.2 Potential Cancer Effects .............................................34
2.4 Regulatory Status ....................................................................35
2.5 Site Characterization ...............................................................38
2.5.1 Investigation Approaches ...........................................39
2.5.2 Analytical Methods ....................................................41
2.5.3 Advanced Investigation Techniques ...........................48
2.6 Soil Treatment .........................................................................50
2.7 Groundwater Treatment ...........................................................51
2.7.1 In Situ Treatment ........................................................51
2.7.1.1 In Situ Chemical Oxidation ........................51
2.7.1.2 Bioremediation ............................................54
ix