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Emergency Neurology Karen L. Roos Editor Second Edition 123 Emergency Neurology Karen L. Roos Editor Emergency Neurology Second Edition Editor Karen L. Roos The John and Nancy Nelson Professor of Neurology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN USA ISBN 978-3-030-75777-9 ISBN 978-3-030-75778-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75778-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This book is dedicated to Daphne, Ari and Molly with love. Preface The evaluation and management of neurological emergencies are shared by neurologists, emergency medicine physicians, internists, hospitalists, neuro- surgeons, family practitioners, and advanced practice providers. The way we care for these patients is defined by the scholarly work of those who are the experts. Their work guides us in the care of our patients. When Springer asked me to edit a second edition of Emergency Neurology, I asked the authors of the first edition if they would be willing to write for a second edition. I was overwhelmed by the generosity and the kindness of the authors and their willingness to write for the second edition. There are also a few new authors who have joined this distinguished group. Although this book is intended for neurologists, emergency medicine phy- sicians, internists, family practitioners, and hospitalists, it is so much more than an ordinary textbook. It is a collection of the scholarly work of those who have spent their careers doing the work they love, advancing knowledge for the care of patients in their area of expertise. They are Living Legends. This book is also a reunion of friends. What has made my career so meaning- ful to me is my colleagues whose work I greatly admire and whose friendship I dearly cherish. Indianapolis, IN, USA Karen L. Roos vii Contents 1 Headache in the Emergency Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mark A. Whealy, Carrie E. Robertson, and Jerry W. Swanson 2 Low Back Pain Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Chris Marcellino, Alejandro A. Rabinstein, Greta B. Liebo, Timothy P. Maus, and J. D. Bartleson Jr. 3 Dizziness and Vertigo Presentations in the Emergency Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Kevin A. Kerber 4 Syncope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Mark D. Carlson 5 Acute Visual Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Jane H. Lock, Cédric Lamirel, Nancy J. Newman, and Valérie Biousse 6 Diplopia, Third Nerve Palsies, and Sixth Nerve Palsies . . . . . . . 119 Janet C. Rucker and Rachel Calix 7 Facial Nerve Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Jennifer Siriwardane 8 Evaluation and Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . 151 Richard V. Scheer 9 Intracerebral Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 David Dornbos III, Kendrick Johnson, Pratik V. Patel, and Lucas Elijovich 10 Seizures and Status Epilepticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Joseph I. Sirven, Luca Farrugia, and Christian Rosenow 11 Central Nervous System Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Karen L. Roos 12 Guillain-Barré Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Kelsey Satkowiak and A. Gordon Smith 13 Spinal Cord Compression and Myelopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 William F. Schmalstieg and Brian G. Weinshenker ix x Contents 14 Movement Disorder Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Robert L. Rodnitzky and Christopher L. Groth 15 Encephalopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Steven L. Lewis 16 Acute Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disorders . . . . . . 317 Cynthia Bodkin 17 Coma, Disorders of Consciousness, and Brain Death . . . . . . . . . 345 Rohan Mathur, Clotilde Balucani, Amjad Elmashala, and Romergyko Geocadin 18 Neurotoxicology Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Laura M. Tormoehlen Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Contributors Clotilde Balucani, MD, PhD Division of Neurocritical Care, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA J. D. Bartleson Jr., MD Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Valérie Biousse, MD Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Cynthia Bodkin, MD Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA Rachel Calix, MD Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Mark D. Carlson, MD, MA Case Western Reserve University, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA David Dornbos III, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Semmes-Murphey Clinic and University of Tennessee Health and Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Lucas Elijovich, MD Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Semmes- Murphey Clinic, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA Amjad Elmashala, MD The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA Luca Farrugia, MD Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA Jane H. Lock, FRANZCO Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia Romergyko Geocadin, MD Division of Neurocritical Care, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA xi xii Contributors Christopher L. Groth, MD Neurology Department, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Kendrick Johnson, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Semmes-Murphey Clinic and University of Tennessee Health and Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Kevin A. Kerber, MD Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Cédric Lamirel, MD Service d’ophtalmologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe Rothschild, Paris, France Steven L. Lewis, MD Division of Neurology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, USA Greta B. Liebo, MD Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Chris Marcellino, MD Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Rohan Mathur, MD, MPA Division of Neurocritical Care, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Tim Maus, MD Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Nancy J. Newman, MD Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Pratik V. Patel, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA Alejandro A. Rabinstein, MD Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Carrie E. Robertson, MD Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA Robert L. Rodnitzky, MD Neurology Department, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Karen L. Roos, MD The John and Nancy Nelson Professor of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Christian Rosenow, MD Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA Janet C. Rucker, MD Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

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