EMC and Functional Safety of Automotive Electronics

264 Pages·2018·6.905 MB·English

by  Kai Borgeest

IETTRANSPORTATIONSERIES12
EMC and Functional
Safety of Automotive
Electronics
Otherrelatedtitles:
Volume1 CleanMobilityandIntelligentTransportSystemsM.FioriniandJ.-C.Lin(Editors)
Volume2 EnergySystemsforElectricandHybridVehiclesK.T.Chau(Editor)
Volume5 SlidingModeControlofVehicleDynamicsA.Ferrara(Editor)
Volume6 LowCarbonMobilityforFutureCities:PrinciplesandapplicationsH.Dia(Editor)
Volume7 EvaluationofIntelligentRoadTransportationSystems:MethodsandresultsM.Lu(Editor)
Volume8 RoadPricing:Technologies,economicsandacceptabilityJ.Walker(Editor)
Volume38TheElectricCarM.H.Westbrook
Volume45PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller
Volume79Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.LuandJ.Hossain(Editors)
EMC and Functional
Safety of Automotive
Electronics
Kai Borgeest
The Institution of Engineering and Technology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
©TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2018
Firstpublished2018
ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright
Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch
orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin
thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued
bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose
termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress:
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
MichaelFaradayHouse
SixHillsWay,Stevenage
Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom
www.theiet.org
Whiletheauthorandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis
workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking
useofthem.Neithertheauthornorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany
lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror
omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliability
isdisclaimed.
Themoralrightsoftheauthortobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhavebeen
assertedbyhiminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-78561-408-8(hardback)
ISBN978-1-78561-409-5(PDF)
TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited
PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon
Contents
Prefaceandacknowledgements xi
Symbols xiii
Abbreviations xvii
1 Introductiontoautomotiveelectronics 1
1.1 Electroniccontrolunitswithsensorsandactors 1
1.1.1 Powersupply 1
1.1.2 Clock 4
1.1.3 Analogueinputsandsensors 5
1.1.4 Digitalinputsandsensors 6
1.1.5 Powerdriversandactors 7
1.1.6 Transceivers 8
1.1.7 Internalcommunication 8
1.1.8 Constructiontechniques 9
1.2 Powernetwork 10
1.2.1 Standardpowernetwork 10
1.2.2 Dualbatterynetwork 12
1.2.3 Commercialvehiclenetwork 13
1.2.4 Fuses 14
1.2.5 Energymanagement 14
1.3 Communicationbetweenelectroniccontrolunits 15
1.3.1 CANbus 15
1.3.2 FlexRaybus 19
1.3.3 MOSTbus 21
1.3.4 Ethernet 22
1.3.5 LINsubbus 23
1.3.6 CXPI 23
1.3.7 SENT 24
1.3.8 PSI5 24
1.3.9 Automotivesafetyrestraintbus 25
1.4 Functionaldomains 26
1.4.1 Powertrain 26
1.4.2 Vehicledynamicsandactivesafety 30
1.4.3 Passivesafety 33
1.4.4 Theftprotection 35
1.4.5 Body/comfort 36
vi EMCandfunctionalsafetyofautomotiveelectronics
1.4.6 Lightingandvision 37
1.4.7 Man–machineinterface 37
1.4.8 Infotainment 38
1.4.9 Car2X 38
1.4.10 Assistancesystems 39
1.4.11 Drive-by-wire 40
1.4.12 Autonomousdriving 40
2 Electricaldrivesandcharginginfrastructure 43
2.1 Components 43
2.1.1 Batteries 43
2.1.2 Fuelcells 46
2.1.3 Powerconverters 47
2.1.4 Electricmotors 50
2.2 Electricpowertrains 51
2.3 Hybridpowertrains 52
2.4 Charginginfrastructure 54
2.4.1 Conductivecharging 54
2.4.2 Inductivecharging 56
2.4.3 Chargercommunication 56
3 Fundamentalsoffunctionalsafety 59
3.1 Goalsanddefinitions 59
3.2 Management 62
3.2.1 Functionalsafetylifecycle 63
3.2.2 Safetygoals 63
3.2.3 CooperationofOEMsandsuppliers 65
3.3 Analysis 65
3.3.1 Dependentfailureanalysis 66
3.3.2 Faulttreeanalysis 67
3.3.3 Failuremodeandeffectanalysis 69
3.3.4 Designreviewbasedonfailuremode 72
3.3.5 Eventtreeanalysis 72
3.3.6 Markovchain 73
3.3.7 Hazardandriskassessment 74
3.4 Softwaredevelopment 77
3.4.1 Processmodels 77
3.4.2 Developmentassessments 79
3.4.3 Configurationmanagement 80
3.4.4 Modularisation 80
3.5 Hardwaredevelopment 81
3.5.1 Reliability 82
3.5.2 Reliabilityblockdiagramsandredundancy 82
3.6 FunctionalsafetyandEMC 83
3.7 Functionalsafetyandquality 84
Contents vii
3.8 Standards 84
3.8.1 History 84
3.8.2 ISO26262 85
3.8.3 ISO/PAS19451 99
3.8.4 ISO/PAS19695 99
3.8.5 ISO25119 99
3.9 Functionalsafetyofautonomousvehicles 100
4 FundamentalsofEMC,signalandpowerintegrity 103
4.1 Maxwell’sequations 103
4.2 Couplingpaths 107
4.2.1 Linecoupling 107
4.2.2 Electricfieldcoupling 108
4.2.3 Magneticfieldcoupling 109
4.2.4 Electromagneticfieldcoupling 111
4.3 Fieldcouplingintowires 112
4.4 Countermeasuresagainstcoupling 112
4.4.1 Filters 113
4.4.2 Shields 115
4.5 Sources 116
4.6 Sinks 118
4.7 Electrostaticdischarge 119
4.8 Signalandpowerintegrity 121
4.8.1 Relationbetweenfrequencyandtimedomain 122
4.8.2 Transmissionlines 124
4.8.3 Signalintegrity 125
4.8.4 Powerintegrity 127
5 Legalframework 129
5.1 EuropeanUnion 130
5.1.1 EMC 130
5.1.2 Functionalsafety 138
5.2 USA 138
5.2.1 EMC 139
5.2.2 Functionalsafety 139
5.3 Canada 141
5.3.1 EMC 141
5.3.2 Functionalsafety 141
5.4 Australia 142
5.5 Japan 142
5.6 Russia 143
5.7 China 144
5.8 Taiwan 144
5.9 India 145
5.10 SouthAmerica 145
viii EMCandfunctionalsafetyofautomotiveelectronics
6 EMCdesignonECUlevel 147
6.1 EMCmanagementanddesignflow 147
6.2 Generaldesignhints 149
6.3 Specialproblemsandsolutions 150
6.3.1 Filters 150
6.3.2 Shields 152
6.3.3 Powersupply 153
6.3.4 Converters 155
6.3.5 Solenoiddrivers 155
6.3.6 Piezodrivers 157
6.3.7 Ignition 157
6.3.8 Digitalcircuits 158
6.3.9 Buslines 160
6.3.10 Temperature/EMCcross-effects 161
6.3.11 CalibrationprobesindevelopmentECUs 161
7 EMCdesignonsystemlevelandinspecialsubsystems 163
7.1 EMCmanagementanddesignflow 163
7.2 Generalhints 164
7.3 Specialproblemsandsolutions 164
7.3.1 Lightning 164
7.3.2 Portableelectronicdevices 165
7.3.3 Cableharnesses 166
7.3.4 Bodyandground 166
7.3.5 Variants 167
7.3.6 Variableenvironments 167
7.3.7 Radar 168
7.3.8 Militaryvehicles 168
8 Modellingandsimulation 171
8.1 Modellingbasics 171
8.2 Analyticalmethods 173
8.3 Semi-analyticalmethods 174
8.4 Numericalmethods 174
8.4.1 Finitedifferencetimedomain 175
8.4.2 MonteCarlomethods 176
8.4.3 Finiteelementsmethods 176
8.4.4 Methodofmoments 176
8.4.5 Fastmulti-polemethodandmulti-levelfastmulti-pole
algorithm 177
8.4.6 Contourintegralmethod 177
8.4.7 Finiteintegrationtechnique 177
8.4.8 Transmissionlinematrixmethod 177
8.4.9 Partialelementequivalentcircuitmethod 178
8.4.10 Geometricaloptics 178
Contents ix
8.4.11 Geometricaltheoryofdiffraction 178
8.4.12 Uniformtheoryofdiffraction 179
8.4.13 Physicaloptics 179
8.4.14 Physicaltheoryofdiffraction 179
8.4.15 Raytracing 179
8.4.16 Shooting-and-bouncingray 180
8.5 Stochasticmethods 180
8.6 Validation 180
8.6.1 Featureselectivevalidation 181
9 Testandmeasurement 183
9.1 EMCmeasurements 185
9.1.1 Environment 185
9.1.2 Equipment 188
9.1.3 Generatingandmeasuringconductedinterferences 192
9.1.4 Generatingandmeasuringelectromagneticfields 193
9.2 Vehicletests 199
9.2.1 Imissions 199
9.2.2 Emissions 200
9.3 SubsystemandECUtests 201
9.3.1 Radiatedimissions 201
9.3.2 Conductedimissions 203
9.3.3 ESD 210
9.4 Thepermanentgap 211
Furtherreading 213
References 215
Index 229