embryology of angiosperms

48 Pages·2017·1.32 MB·English

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EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
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ouLifr foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlesa ikni Hkzw.k dh lajpuk ,oa mlds fodkl ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u fd;k
tkrk gS] mls ikni Hkwz.k foKku ( Plant Embryology) dgrs gS A
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og ikni lewg ftlesa Hkwz.k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] mls Embryophyta dgrs gSA
M
tSls % Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
O
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
(cid:0) Angiosperm esa Angio = <+dk gqvk ,oa sperm = cht vFkkZr AngiospermC esa cht] Qy ;k QyfHkfÙk ls <+dk gqvk
gksrk gSA
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chtka(s seeds) ds v/;;u ls lacaf/kr foKku dh 'kk[kk dks Sperm.ology dgrs gSA
T
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Gymnosperm esa 'kadq (cone) ik;s tkrs gSA
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Rudolf camerarius us loZçFke ikniksa esa Sexual reproduction dh [kkst dhA
I
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N. Grew usa stamens dks iq"i dk uj tuu vax crk;kA
I
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Strassburger usa Monotropa esa lR; fu"kspu (syngamy) dh [kkst dhA
T
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Prof. P. Maheshwari dks Hkkjrh; ikni Hkwz.k foKku dk firk (Father of Indian Plant embryology) dgk
tkrk gSA
E
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izksQslj ih- ekgs'ojh us “An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms” uked iqLrd fy[khA
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vko`rchtEh ds thou pØ esa nks çkoLFkk,a ,dkUrj Øe esa ikbZ tkrh gS &
(i) chtk.kqn~fHkn (Sporophyte) & ;g ikni dh f}xqf.kr (2n) çkoLFkk gSA
N & ;g ikni tM+] ruk rFkk ifÙk;ksa esa foHksfnr gksrk gSA
& ;g Microspore o Megaspore dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
& ;g v¼Zlw=h foHkktu }kjk Gametophyte dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
(ii) ;qXedksn~fHkn (Gametophyte) & ;g ikni dh vxqf.kr (n) çkoLFkk gSA
& ;g ;qXed /kkj.k djrh gSA
& ;g ;qXedksa dh Syngamy }kjk Sporophyte dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
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vko`rchth;ksa esa vius leku u;s larfr ikni cukus dh çfØ;k dks tuu dgrs gSA
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Reproduction in Angiosperms
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
M
Vegetative Propagation Agamospermy
ySafxd tuu (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)
O
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nks ltkrh; ikniksa ds ;qXedksa ds lay;u ls larfr mRiknu dks ySafxd tuu dgrs gSaA
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iq"i] ySafxd tuu dh lajpuk,¡ gksrh gSaA
C
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vko`rchft;ksa ds Sexual reproduction esa fuEu in gksrs gS &
Sporogenesis and Gametogenesis Pollination
.
Fertilization EmbryT o formation
Endosperm formation Seed formation
I
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Arabidopsis thaliana ,d NksVk ,d o"khZ;] Brassicaceae dqy dk ikS/kk gSA ikniksa esa iq"i ds fodkl dh çfØ;k
I
dk v/;;u loZçFke blh ikS/ks esa fd;k x;kA
T
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ikniksa esa iq"ih; vaxksa ckányiqat (K), nyiqat (C), iqeax (A) ,oa tk;kax (G) ds fodkl dks fo'ks"k çdkj ds thu
fu;af=r djrs gS] mUgsa gksfe;ksfVd lSysDVj thUl dgrs gS] tSls & ,iSVsyk-2, ,iSVyk-3 ,oa ,xSel vkfnA
E
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gksfe;ksfVd lSysDVj thUl ds çHkko ds dkj.k i.kksZ ds fodkl dh çfØ;k iq"ih; vaxksa ds fodkl dh çfØ;k es
:ikUrfjr gks tkrh gSA
E
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çdk'k nhIrdky ds çHkko ls Florigin hormone curk gS] tks dkf;d çjksg 'kh"kZ dks ] tufud çjksg 'kh"kZ esa cny nsrk
gS tks iq"i dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
N
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xksFks ds vuqlkj iq"i ,d :ikarfjr lhfer o`f¼ okyk çjksg gS ftlesa Thalamus nhf?kZr gks tkrk gS rFkk ioZ rFkk
iolZ af/k;ksa esa foHksfnr gksrk gSA
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iq"idfydk dk [kqyuk Anthesis dgykrk gSA
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iq"i esa dqy 4 pØ gksrs gS &
1. ckányiqat (Calyx) 2. nyiqat (Corolla)
3. iqeax (Androecium) 4. tk;kax (Gynoecium)
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Calyx dh bdkbZ dks Sepal dgrs gS] tks dfydk voLFkk esa iq"i dks lqj{kk çnku djrk gSA
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Corolla dh bdkbZ dks Petal dgrs gS]tks eq[;r% jaxhu gksrs gSA budk jax ,UFkkslk;fuu ] ,UFkkstsfUFku ,oa dsjksfVukbM
M
o.kZdksa dh mifLFkfr ls gksrk gSA ;s iq"i dh lqj{kk ds lkFk Pollination (ijkx.k) esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
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Calyx o corolla iq"i ds lgk;d vax gS tcfd Androecium o Gynoecium eq[;@ vko';d vax gSA
O
Androecium
(cid:0) iqeax (Androecium) iq"i dk uj tuu vax gksrk gS rFkk bldh bZdkbZ dks iCqadslj (Stamen) dgrs gS Ae
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ci Stamen ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gS & (i) Anther lobes (ii) Connective ,oa (iii) Filament m
.
T
I
I
T
E
E
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,d çk:fid vko`rchth esa Anther, nks Anther lobes ;qDr (Bithecous) gksrk gSA
N
viokn & Malvaceae esa Monothecous voLFkk gksrh gSA
Moringa ,oa Wolffia esa Hkh Monothecous izdkj ds ijkxdks"k ik;s tkrs gSA
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Arhcesporial cell ,d diploid (2n) cell gksrh gS tks chtk.kqtu dksf'kdk ds fy, iwoZxkeh dk dk;Z djrh gSA
ijkxiqV
ijkxd.k
ijkxikyh
iqrUrq
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M
O
C
.
T

I
I
T
E
E
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,d Anther esa nksa Anther lobes vFkok pkj pollen sacs (microsporangia) gksrs gSA
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,d vko`rchth ikni dk Anther prq"dchtk.kq (Tetrasporangiate) gksrk gSA
viokn & ekyoslh esa Bisporangiate Anther gksrk gSA
Arceruthobium esa Monosporangiate Anther gksrk gSA
vdsf'k;k esa iVksa ds dkj.k Multisporangiate voLFkk ikbZ tkrh gSA
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,d Anther lobe ds nks pollen sac ds chp esa ikbZ tkus okyh mnxz njkj Stomium dgykrh gSA bls çLQqVu dh js[kk
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Stomium nhf?kZr fn'kk esa QVrh gSA
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Anther dk fodkl eusporangiate çdkj dk gksrk gSA
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ijkxfHkfÙk;ksa dh la[;k pkj gksrh gS &
1. Epidermis  Epidermal cells ls fodflr
2. Endothecium  Archesporangial cells ls fodflr
3. Middle layer  Archesporangial cells ls fodflr
4. Tapetum  Archesporangial cells ls fodflr
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Unidifferentiated anther
Epidermal Cell Archesporial Cell
M
Primary sporogenous
Primary parietal cells
Cells
O
Secondary Secondary
Secondary sporogenous
Parietal Parietal
Cells
cells cells
C
Endothecium Upper Lower middle Tapetum Microspore
middle layer mother cells
.
layer T
Microspores
Middle Middle I Middle Tapetum
layer layer
Layer
I
Endothecium
T
Epidermis
E
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Anther dh fHkfÙk;ksa esa cgqLrjh; dsoy middle layer (generally 3-layers ) gh gksrh gSA tcfd 'ks"k rhuksa ,d
Lrjh; gksrh gSA
E
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Pollen sac esa fHkfÙk;ksa dh la[;k rhu gksrh gS & 1. Endothecium 2. Middle layer ,oa 3. Tapetum
N
1. Epidermis :
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;g lcls ckgjh lqj{kkRed vkoj.k gksrk gSA
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blesa ckj ckj viur foHkktu gksrs gSa ftlls ;s ijkxdks"k ds c<+rs vkdkj ds lkFk lkeUtL; cuk;s j[krh gSA
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;s Li'kZjs[kh; fn'kk esa nhf?kZr ,oa piVh gksrh gS A
2. Endothecium :
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Epidermis ds vUnj dh vksj vjh; fn'kk esa nhf?kZr dksf'kdkvksa ls fufeZr ,d ijr fLFkr gksrh gS ftls Endothecium
dgrs gSA
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budh Li'kZjs[kh; fHkfÙk;ksa ij u vkdkj dh rUrqor LFkqyu iêh;ka (U-band)ik;h tkrh gSA
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U-band vknzZrkxzkgh gksrs gS ,oa - cellulose ls cus gksrs gSA
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Stomium dh vksj U-band ugha ik;s tkrs gS ,oa Endothecium iryh gksrh gSA
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U-band dk fuekZ.k Anther ds ifjiDou ds le; gksrk gSA
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Anther ds çLQqVu ls iwoZ ijkxdks"kksa dh la[;k = 4
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Anther ds çLQqVu ds i'pkr ijkxdks"kksa dh la[;k = 2 M
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Cleistogamous iq"iksa (tks dHkh ugha [kqyrs gS ) esa Endothecium dk fodkl ugha gksrkA
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Endothecium, Pollen grains ds izdhZ.ku esa lgk;rk djrs gSA O
C
3. Middle layer :
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Endothecium ds vUnj dh vksj cgq (3 – 5 ) vYidkfyd e/; Lrj ik;k tkrk gSA
.
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vkjEHk eas ;g 5– ijrh; gksrh gS] tcfd ifjiDo gksus ij ;g 3– ijrh; gks tkrk gSaA
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Anther wall dh eksVkbZ blh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
I
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;g fodflr gksrh gqbZ Pollen mother cells (PMC) dks Tapetum ds ek/;e ls iks"k.k çnku djrh gSA
I
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Lemnaceae ,oa NajadaceaeT dqy esa e/;ijrsa vuqifLFkr jgrh gSA
4. Tapetum :
E
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;g Anther wall Lrjksa dh lcls vUnj dk ,d dksf'kdh; eksVk Lrj gksrk gSA
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;g l?ku Edksf'kdknzO; ,oa cMs+ lqLi"V dsUnzd ;qDr gksrh gSA
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;g lkekU;r% cgqxqf.kr dksf'kdkvksa ls fufeZr gksrh gSA
N
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Tapetum dksf'kdkvksa esa cgqxqf.krk Endomitosis (dksf'kdk foHkktu ds le; dsUnzd f>Yyh ugha VwVus ls xq.klw=ksa dk
nqxquk gksuk) ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA
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;g fØ;kRed n`f"V ls vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ijr gS D;ksafd blh ijr ls iks"kd inkFkZ y?kqchtk.kq/kkuh esa igq¡prs gSA
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;g chtk.kqtu ÅÙkd dks pkjksa rjQ ?ksjs jgrh gSA
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dqN ,fUt;ksLieZ eas VsihVe dh nksgjh mRifr gksrh gSaA
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VsihVe dk og Hkkx] tks ifjf/k (Periphery/Out side) dh vksj ik;k tkrk gS mls P–VsihVe dgrs gS] tcfd
connective tissue ls mRiUu vkUrfjd Hkkx dks C– VsihVe dgrs gSaA
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Tapetum eq[;r% nks çdkj dh gksrh gS
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(i) Plasmodial / Amoeboid çdkj &
;s dksf'kdk;sa e/;ijrksa dh dksf'kdkvksa dk leLr lafpr Hkkstu vo'kksf"kr dj ysrh gS ftlls e/; ijr dh dksf'kdk;sa
'kh?kz gh e`r gks tkrh gSA
buesa dksf'kdkvksa dh vkarfjd rFkk vjh; fHkfÙk VwV tkus ds dkj.k budk thonzO;@izksVksIykLV vehch; xfr }kjk
ijkxdks"k xqgk esa igq¡prk gSA
M
ijkxdks"k dh xqgk esa izksVksIykLV dks isjhIykTeksfM;e dgrs gSA
tks ijkxd.k ekr` dksf'kdk (PMC) dks iks"k.k çnku djrk gSA
O
Example : ;g de fodflr Angiosperm tSsls & Typha, Helianthus vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
C
(ii) Glandular/ Secretory çdkj &
;s dksf'kdk fHkRrh ls yxh jgrh gS o yxkrkj ifjof/kZr y?kqchtk.k.qvksa dks Hkkstu iznku djrh gSA
T
bl izdkj ds Tapetum dh Cells middle layer ls Hkkstu vo'kksf"kr djds ijkx/kkuh dh xqfgdk esa L=kfor djrh gS
vr% e/; Lrj vf/kd le; rd thfor jgrk gSA
I
;g Microspore d sfuek.Z k rd ikb Z tkrh gIAS ;g ijkxdk"s k ea s ik"s k.k inkFkk Zsdk L=ko djrh gAS
Example : yxHkx lHTkh iq"ih ikni
E
Tapetum ds dk;Z %
(i) ;g ,UEtkbe rFkk gkeksZu (IAA) nksuksa dk L=ko.k djrh gS A
(ii) ;g callase enzyme dk L=ko.k djrh gS tks ijkx prq"kd esa ijkxd.kksa ds e/; callose dk fo?kVu djrk gSA
N
(iii) ;g LocU/;rk çksVhu dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
(iv) blesa mifLFkr ubish dk; ijkxd.k dh cká fHkfÙk (exine) dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
(v) ;g dhV ijkfxr iq"iksa ds ijkxd.kksa esa cká pksy (Exine) ij lipid, carotenoids ,oa izksVhu dk L=ko.k djrk gS
tks ,d fpifpik Lrj cukrk gS ftls Pollen kit dgrs gSA bldh fof'k"V xU/k gksrh gS ftlls dhV vkdf"kZr gksrs gS rFkk
Pollen kit ijkxd.kksa dks ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ls Hkh lqjf{kr j[krk gSA
Ubish body / Orbicules :
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ijkxdks"k esa chtk.kqtu dksf'kdh; voLFkk esa L=koh dksf'kdkvksa esa ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k] o.kZd] fMfDV;kslkse] dqN ifjf/k;
iqfVdk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gS bUgsa Pro-ubish dk; dgrs gSA
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ijkxd.k ds ifjiDou ij Pro-ubish dk; Tepetum dksf'kdkvksa ls fudydj ijkxdks"k xqfgdk esa vk tkrk gS tgk¡ ;s
sporopollenin ls la;qDr gksdj ubish dk; @ Orbicules cukrh gS A
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(cid:0)
;g ijkxd.k dh cká pksy (Exine) fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
Tapetum cell
Pro-ubish body
M
Pollen sac
Sporopollenin
Ubish body
Pollen grain
O
Devis ds vuqlkj Anther wall dk oxhZdj.k C
PPM ( POLLEN PARIETAL CELL )
.
T
Periclinal Division
I
Outer Secondary Inner Secondary
I
parietal cell parietal cell
(1) Basic Type – EndoTthecium and Middle layer Middle layer and Tapetum

(2) Dicot Type – Endothecium and Middle layer Tapetum
E
(3) Monocot Type – Endothecium Middle layer and Tapetum
(4)E Reduced Type – Endothecium Tapetum
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Primary Sporogenous Cells (2n) ls Male gamete ds fuekZ.k fd çfØ;k esa nks in gksrs gS &
N (1) Microsporogenesis
(2) Microgametogenesis
Microsporogenesis
Primary Sporogenous cells / Pollen mother cells (2n) ls Pollen grain / Micro Spore (n) ds fuekZ.k ds
le; çkFkfed chtk.kqtu dksf'kdk esa vusd lelw=h foHkktu gksrs gS ftlls dksf'kdkvksa dk ,d lewg curk gSA çR;sd
dksf'kdk ijkx ekr` dksf'kdk (PMC) dk dk;Z djrh gSA PMC esa v¼Zlw=h foHkktu gksrk gS ftlls pkj pollen grains
curs gSA ;s Callose ds }kjk vkil esa tqM+s jgrs gS ftls Tetrad dgrs gSA
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PMC ls Tetrad fuekZ.k dh fØ;k nks çdkj dh gksrh gS &
(i) Øekxr çdkj (Successive type) (ii) ;qXkir çdkj (Simultanious tyupe)
Microspore mother cell /
Pollen mother cell (2n)

Karyokinesis-I
Karyokinesis-I
M

Cytokinesis-I
Karyokinesis-II
(Centrifugal wall formation) O
(without cytokinesis)

Karyokinesis-II Cytokinesis
C
(Centripetal wall formation)

.
T
Cytokinesis-II

I Haploid Tetrad

I
Successive type Simultaneous type
T

E
E
N
(cid:0)
lkekU;r% y?kqchtk.kq prq"d ik¡p çdkj ds gksrs gS&
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Isobilateral Tetrahedral Decussate T-shaped Linear
M
(i) Isobilateral çdkj ds prq"d eq[;r% ,dchti=h ikS/kks esa ik;s tkrs gSA
(ii) Tetrahedral çdkj ds prq"d eq[;r% f}chti=h ikS/kksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA
O
(iii) Decussate izdkj ds prq"d eq[;r% esXuksfy;k esa ik;k tkrk gSA
(iv) T-shaped izdkj ds prq"d Butomopsis esa ik;k tkrk gSA
C
(v) Linear izdkj ds prq"d Polyanthus ,oa Halophilla esa ik;k tkrk gSaA
Note : Aristolochia elegans esa mijksDr ik¡apksa (Isobilateral, Tetrahedral, Decussate, T-shaped and
.
Linear) çdkj ds prq"d ik;s tkrs gSA T
(cid:0) (cid:0)
dqN fof'k"V çdkj ds prq"d
I
(i) Callotropis & vkd] enkj ] ,oa Orchid esa Pollinia Translator ds :i esa ik;s tkrs gSA
I
T
Carpusculum
E
Caudical
E
Pollinia
Pollinium
N
(ii) Typha, Hydrilla , Drosera, Clemitius, Juncus, Cryptostagia vkfn esa tc tetrad ds microspore i`Fkd&
i`Fkd ugha gks ikrs rks Compound pollen grain (Diamond like structure) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
(iii) Cyperus family esa ,d PMC esa Reduction division ls 4 Microspores curs gS ysfdu muesa ls 3 u"V gks
tkrs gS vkSj ,d Microspore fØ;k'khy jgrk gSA
(iv) Cuscuta ds ,d prq"d esa yxHkx 11 Microspores ik;s tkrs gSA bl voLFkk dks Polyspory dgrs gSA
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