Embedded Sensor Systems

497 Pages·2017·31.165 MB·English

by  Dharma Prakash Agrawal (auth.)

Dharma Prakash Agrawal
Embedded
Sensor
Systems
Embedded Sensor Systems
Dharma Prakash Agrawal
Embedded Sensor Systems
123
Dharma PrakashAgrawal
EECSDepartment, Centerfor Distributed
andMobileComputing
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH
USA
ISBN978-981-10-3037-6 ISBN978-981-10-3038-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3038-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016962036
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To my wife Purnima Agrawal
Dharma Prakash Agrawal
Preface
Sensor systems have been around for quite some time, and their obvious use in
thermometer has gone unnoticed until recently. Their unique capability of moni-
toring a given area has attracted attention, and sensors have been useful in
numerousareas.Ienvisionedtheneedforthisbookseveralyearsagowhenstarted
offering such a course. During the last four years, I collected papers on wireless
sensornetworks(WSNs)andpreparedpptfilesfromthemtodeliverlectures.Iwas
fortunatetobeinvitedasaGIANspeakerattheIITKharagpurinsummer2015,a
premier institute in India. This encouraged me to write two chapters every week
whenIofferedthiscourseagainattheUniversityofCincinnatiagainduringspring
2016. I was invited again to NIT Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India, to deliver
lectures under GIAN program and that encouraged me to redraw all pdf-based
diagrams in black and white ppts. After that, I also visited Wuxi, China, to get
first-handinformationaboutGreenOrbsprojectandwasabletoaddthenewestinfo
on large-scale WSN deployment.
Within engineering and computer science disciplines, wireless sensor network
has recently attracted unparalleled interest. In particular, combinations of wireless
communication and tiny sensor devices have revolutionized the world of
telecommunications. To fully explore and utilize this new technology, universities
needtooffernewcoursesandtrainstudentsinthefieldsothattheycouldcontinue
their graduate work in this area. However, the students in computer science and
engineering (CSE) and electrical engineering (EE) are at best exposed to data
communicationaspects,whilesensor-embeddedsystemsremainuntouched,asitis
relatively difficult to learn about WSNs without having substantial background in
wirelesscommunicationtechnology.Ontheotherhand,EEstudentslearnaboutthe
radio frequency (RF) communication aspect only, and the topic of data commu-
nication and computing system issues and their correlation in nomadic WSN
remains untouched. I put in more efforts in streamlining all the chapters after my
return to the USA in July 2016.
ManyinstitutionsoffercourseinWSNarea,primarilyforgraduatestudents,and
thenonlyasspecialtopics.AlthoughtherearemanyeditedbooksrelatedtoWSNs,
these books can be roughly classified into two groups. The first group focuses on
vii
viii Preface
readers in specific application areas, and the other covers only the general
knowledge of environmental monitoring. The books in the first group require a
detailed background inRF communication and signal processing and therefore are
notsuitableforstudentsinCSE.Manyrecenttextsemphasizemicrowaveradarand
sensorsystems.However,thebooksinthesecond group donotprovideanydepth
in the data communication aspects of the technology.
Creating such a unique instructional curriculum requires a great deal of efforts.
Planningsuchatextisarelativelydifficulttaskbecauseofthediversebackground
requirements. The limitations of most existing books and courses affect the sensor
industries in the USA. Companies must train newly hired college graduates for a
long time before they can get into WSNs. To the best of our knowledge, such an
organizedcourse isnotbeen taught anywhere intheworld.Teaching WSN course
strictly from research papers is difficult for the professor, which in turn causes
students to learn the material inefficiently. Preparing systematic notes in this
emerging area will enhance training, increase the availability of well-educated
personnel, shorten the new employee training period within industries, and allow
nations to continue to advance the research in this technological field.
This book explains how a WSN works in monitoring a given environment.
I have selected chapter topics that focus on qualitative descriptions and realistic
explanations of relationships between WSNs and performance parameters.
Mathematical formulations are needed in engineering and computer science work,
andweincludesomeoftheimportantconceptssothatstudentscanappreciatetheir
usefulness in numerous WSNs. In all these applications, both security and privacy
issues are important. The chapters are organized to provide a great deal of flexi-
bility; emphasis can be given on different chapters, depending on the scope of the
course and the instructor’s own interests or emphasis.
In this textbook, I have tried to provide an overview of the basic principles
behind WSNs and associated support infrastructure. A list of possible group sim-
ulationprojectsisincluded.Theauthorhastriedsuchprojectsforseveralyearsand
has found them highly effective in training students. This book is written both for
academicinstitutionsandforworkingprofessionals.Itcanbeusedasatextbookfor
a one-semester or a one-quarter course. This book also can be used for training
current or new employees of companies and could be adopted for short-term
trainingcourses.IhopeIhavebeenabletoachieveourgoalofhelpingstudentsand
others working in this area to have a detailed knowledge about this exciting
technology.
Cincinnati, OH, USA Dharma Prakash Agrawal
Acknowledgements
Thisprojectwouldhavenotbeenpossiblewithouthelpfromnumerousindividuals.
Therefore, the authors would like to acknowledge the time and effort put in by all
past and present members of our Research Center for Distributed and Mobile
ComputingattheUniversityofCincinnati.SpecialsincerethanksareduetoPallavi
Meharia, Hailong Li, Amitabh Mishra, Suryadip Chakraborty, Aparna
Venkataraman, Abhinav Prakash, and Peter Jun for letting me use their research
results in some chapters. Thanks are also due to my wife for her patience and
dedication. I am very grateful to Swati Meherishi, my editor at Springer, for per-
suading and convincing me to communicate with Springer for the possible publi-
cationofthisbooksoquickly.Theauthorwelcomesanycommentsandsuggestions
forimprovementsorchangesthatcouldbeincorporatedintheforthcomingeditions
of this book. Please contact me at [email protected].
Dharma Prakash Agrawal
ix
Contents
Part I General Sensor Characteristics
1 Introduction to Cell Phones and Wireless Technologies .. ..... .. 3
1.1 Introduction ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 3
1.2 MS Obtaining Traffic Channels from BS.. .... .... ..... .. 9
1.3 Multiplexing Schemes Used by a BS for Traffic Channels.. .. 9
1.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access. ..... .. 13
1.5 Directional Antenna and SDMA .... .... .... .... ..... .. 13
1.6 Cellular Transmission..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 14
1.6.1 Cellular Coverage Area for Traffic Channels ..... .. 15
1.6.2 Signal Strength in Cellular Area.. .... .... ..... .. 18
1.6.3 Roaming Support . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 19
1.7 Access to Control Channels.... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 20
1.8 Different Wireless Technologies. .... .... .... .... ..... .. 27
1.9 Access Points.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 28
1.10 Sensor Networks ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 29
1.11 Conclusions ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 32
1.12 Questions. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 32
References .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 34
2 Applications of Sensor Networks. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 35
2.1 Introduction ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 35
2.2 Applications of WSNs.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 37
2.2.1 Defense Applications of WSNs... .... .... ..... .. 39
2.3 Civilian Applications ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 46
2.3.1 Weather Monitoring Applications. .... .... ..... .. 46
2.3.2 Precision Agriculture Applications .... .... ..... .. 50
2.3.3 Echo System Monitoring Applications . .... ..... .. 52
2.3.4 Biomedical Applications.... .... .... .... ..... .. 55
2.3.5 Other Applications .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 61
2.4 Conclusions ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 62
xi
xii Contents
2.5 Questions. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 62
References .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 62
3 Different Types of Transducers.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 65
3.1 Introduction ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 65
3.2 Types of Transducers..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 68
3.3 Temperature Transducers.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 72
3.4 Gas Transducers.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 73
3.5 Capacitive Transducers.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 75
3.5.1 Proximity Transducers . .... .... .... .... ..... .. 76
3.6 Fluid-Level Transducers... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 77
3.7 Humidity Transducers .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 78
3.7.1 Inductive Transducers.. .... .... .... .... ..... .. 82
3.8 Magnetometer Transducers. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 85
3.9 Optical and Underwater Transducers . .... .... .... ..... .. 85
3.9.1 Underwater Acoustic Transducers. .... .... ..... .. 87
3.10 Strain and Biomedical Transducers .. .... .... .... ..... .. 88
3.10.1 Pressure Transducers... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 88
3.11 Radiation Transducers .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 91
3.12 Transducers for Biomedical Applications.. .... .... ..... .. 96
3.13 Conclusion.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 102
3.14 Questions. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 102
References .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 103
4 Transducers’ Range Modeling... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 105
4.1 Introduction ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 105
4.2 Modeling of a Transducers’ Sensing Range.... .... ..... .. 107
4.3 Modeling of Camera Transducers’ (C-SN) Sensing Range.. .. 116
4.4 Conclusions ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 119
4.5 Questions. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 119
References .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 120
5 Clock Synchronization and Localization... .... .... .... ..... .. 121
5.1 Introduction ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 121
5.2 Clock and Signal Propagation in a WSN.. .... .... ..... .. 123
5.3 Localization of a SN ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 129
5.4 Conclusions ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 136
5.5 Questions. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 137
References .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 138
6 Topology Discovery, Residual Energy, and Energy Harvesting . .. 139
6.1 Introduction ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 139
6.2 Neighbor Determination and Hop Distance .... .... ..... .. 141
6.3 MAC Protocols .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 142
6.4 Residual Energy Mapping . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 144
6.5 Routing with Energy Harvesting .... .... .... .... ..... .. 147