Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS

807 Pages·2014·23.536 MB·English

by  Paul R. Wolf, Ph.D.

Elements of Photogrammetry with
Applications in GIS
Paul R. Wolf, Ph.D.
Bon A. Dewitt, Ph.D.
Benjamin E. Wilkinson, Ph.D.
Fourth Edition
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Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1-1 Definition
of Photogrammetry
1-2 History of Photogrammetry
1-3 Types of Photographs
1-4 Taking Vertical Aerial Photographs
1-5 Existing Aerial Photography
1-6 Uses of Photogrammetry
1-7 Photogrammetry and Geographic Information Systems
1-8 Professional Photogrammetry Organizations
References
Problems
2 Principles of Photography and Imaging
2-1 Introduction
2-2 Fundamental Optics
2-3 Lenses
2-4 Single-Lens Camera
2-5 Illuminance
2-6 Relationship of Aperture and Shutter Speed
2-7 Characteristics of Photographic Emulsions
2-8 Processing and Printing Black-and-White Photographs
2-9 Spectral Sensitivity of Emulsions
2-10 Filters
2-11 Color Film
2-12 Digital Images
2-13 Color Image Representation
2-14 Digital Image Display
References
Problems
3 Cameras and Other Imaging Devices
3-1 Introduction
3-2 Metric Cameras for Aerial Mapping
3-3 Main Parts of Frame Aerial Cameras
3-4 Focal Plane and Fiducial Marks
3-5 Shutters
3-6 Camera Mounts
3-7 Camera Controls
3-8 Automatic Data Recording
3-9 Digital Mapping Cameras
3-10 Camera Calibration
3-11 Laboratory Methods of Camera Calibration
3-12 Stellar and Field Methods of Camera Calibration
3-13 Calibration of Nonmetric Cameras
3-14 Calibrating the Resolution of a Camera
References
Problems
4 Image Measurements and Refinements
4-1 Introduction
4-2 Coordinate Systems for Image Measurements
4-3 Simple Scales for Photographic Measurements
4-4 Measuring Photo Coordinates with Simple Scales
4-5 Comparator Measurement of Photo Coordinates
4-6 Photogrammetric Scanners
4-7 Refinement of Measured Image Coordinates
4-8 Distortions of Photographic Films and Papers
4-9 Image Plane Distortion
4-10 Reduction of Coordinates to an Origin at the Principal Point
4-11 Correction for Lens Distortions
4-12 Correction for Atmospheric Refraction
4-13 Correction for Earth Curvature
4-14 Measurement of Feature Positions and Edges
References
Problems
5 Object Space Coordinate Systems
5-1 Introduction
5-2 Concepts of Geodesy
5-3 Geodetic Coordinate System
5-4 Geocentric Coordinates
5-5 Local Vertical Coordinates
5-6 Map Projections
5-7 Horizontal and Vertical Datums
References
Problems
6 Vertical Photographs
6-1 Geometry of Vertical Photographs
6-2 Scale
6-3 Scale of a Vertical Photograph Over Flat Terrain
6-4 Scale of a Vertical Photograph Over Variable Terrain
6-5 Average Photo Scale
6-6 Other Methods of Determining Scale of Vertical Photographs
6-7 Ground Coordinates from a Vertical Photograph
6-8 Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph
6-9 Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph
6-10 Error Evaluation
References
Problems
7 Stereoscopic Viewing
7-1 Depth Perception
7-2 The Human Eye
7-3 Stereoscopic Depth Perception
7-4 Viewing Photographs Stereoscopically
7-5 Stereoscopes
7-6 The Use of Stereoscopes
7-7 Causes of Y Parallax
7-8 Vertical Exaggeration in Stereoviewing
References
Problems
8 Stereoscopic Parallax
8-1 Introduction
8-2 Photographic Flight-Line Axes for Parallax Measurement
8-3 Monoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement
8-4 Principle of the Floating Mark
8-5 Stereoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement
8-6 Parallax Equations
8-7 Elevations by Parallax Differences
8-8 Simplified Equation for Heights of Objects from Parallax
Differences
8-9 Measurement of Parallax Differences
8-10 Computing Flying Height and Air Base
8-11 Error Evaluation
References
Problems
9 Elementary Methods of Planimetric Mapping for GIS
9-1 Introduction
9-2 Planimetric Mapping with Reflection Instruments
9-3 Georeferencing of Digital Imagery
9-4 Heads-Up Digitizing
9-5 Photomaps
9-6 Mosaics
9-7 Uncontrolled Digital Mosaics
9-8 Semicontrolled Digital Mosaics
9-9 Controlled Digital Mosaics
References
Problems
10 Tilted and Oblique Photographs
10-1 Introduction
10-2 Point Perspective
10-3 Angular Orientation in Tilt, Swing, and Azimuth
10-4 Auxiliary Tilted Photo Coordinate System
10-5 Scale of a Tilted Photograph
10-6 Relief Displacement on a Tilted Photograph
10-7 Determining the Angle of Inclination of the Camera Axis in
Oblique Photography
10-8 Computing Horizontal and Vertical Angles from Oblique Photos
10-9 Angular Orientation in Omega-Phi-Kappa
10-10 Determining the Elements of Exterior Orientation
10-11 Rectification of Tilted Photographs
10-12 Correction for Relief of Ground Control Points Used in
Rectification
10-13 Analytical Rectification
10-14 Optical-Mechanical Rectification
10-15 Digital Rectification
10-16 Atmospheric Refraction in Tilted Aerial Photographs
References
Problems
11 Introduction to Analytical Photogrammetry
11-1 Introduction
11-2 Image Measurements
11-3 Control Points
11-4 Collinearity Condition
11-5 Coplanarity Condition
11-6 Space Resection by Collinearity
11-7 Space Intersection by Collinearity
11-8 Analytical Stereomodel
11-9 Analytical Interior Orientation
11-10 Analytical Relative Orientation
11-11 Analytical Absolute Orientation
References
Problems
12 Stereoscopic Plotting Instruments
12-1 Introduction
12-2 Classification of Stereoscopic Plotters
PART I DIRECT OPTICAL PROJECTION STEREOPLOTTERS
12-3 Components
12-4 Projection Systems
12-5 Viewing and Tracing Systems
12-6 Interior Orientation
12-7 Relative Orientation
12-8 Absolute Orientation
PART II ANALYTICAL PLOTTERS
12-9 Introduction
12-10 System Components and Method of Operation
12-11 Analytical Plotter Orientation
12-12 Three-Dimensional Operation of Analytical Plotters
12-13 Modes of Use of Analytical Plotters
PART III SOFTCOPY PLOTTERS
12-14 Introduction
12-15 System Hardware
12-16 Image Measurements
12-17 Orientation Procedures
12-18 Epipolar Geometry
References
Problems
13 Topographic Mapping and Spatial Data Collection
13-1 Introduction
13-2 Direct Compilation of Planimetric Features by Stereoplotter
13-3 Direct Compilation of Contours by Stereoplotter
13-4 Digitizing Planimetric Features from Stereomodels
13-5 Representing Topographic Features in Digital Mapping
13-6 Digital Elevation Models and Indirect Contouring
13-7 Automatic Production of Digital Elevation Models
13-8 Orthophoto Generation
13-9 Map Editing
References
Problems
14 Laser Scanning Systems
14-1 Introduction
14-2 Principles and Hardware
14-3 Airborne Laser Scanning
14-4 Terrestrial Laser Scanning
14-5 Laser Scan Data
14-5 Error Evaluation
References
Problems
15 Fundamental Principles of Digital Image Processing
15-1 Introduction
15-2 The Digital Image Model
15-3 Spatial Frequency of a Digital Image
15-4 Contrast Enhancement
15-5 Spectral Transformations
15-6 Moving Window Operations
15-7 Multiscale Representation
15-8 Digital Image Matching
15-9 Summary
References
Problems
16 Control for Aerial Photogrammetry
16-1 Introduction
16-2 Ground Control Images and Artificial Targets
16-3 Number and Location of Photo Control
16-4 Traditional Field Survey Methods for Establishing Horizontal and
Vertical Control
16-5 Fundamentals of the Global Positioning System
16-6 Kinematic GPS Positioning
16-7 Inertial Navigation Systems
16-8 GPS-INS Integration
References
Problems
17 Aerotriangulation
17-1 Introduction
17-2 Pass Points for Aerotriangulation
17-3 Fundamentals of Semianalytical Aerotriangulation
17-4 Sequential Construction of a Strip Model from Independent Models
17-5 Adjustment of a Strip Model to Ground
17-6 Simultaneous Bundle Adjustment
17-7 Initial Approximations for the Bundle Adjustment
17-8 Bundle Adjustment with Airborne GPS Control
17-9 Interpretation of Bundle Adjustment Results
17-10 Aerotriangulation with Airborne Linear Array Sensors
17-11 Satellite Image Triangulation
17-12 Efficient Computational Strategies for Aerotriangulation
References
Problems
18 Project Planning
18-1 Introduction
18-2 Importance of Flight Planning
18-3 Photographic End Lap and Side Lap
18-4 Purpose of the Photography
18-5 Photo Scale
18-6 Flying Height
18-7 Ground Coverage
18-8 Weather Conditions
18-9 Season of the Year
18-10 Flight Map
18-11 Specifications
18-12 Cost Estimating and Scheduling
References
Problems
19 Terrestrial and Close-Range Photogrammetry