Elementary Statistical Methods PDF
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Elementary Statistical Methods Sahana Prasad Elementary Statistical Methods SahanaPrasad ChristUniversity Bangalore,India ISBN 978-981-19-0595-7 ISBN 978-981-19-0596-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0596-4 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Statistics is basically a mathematical science wherein data is first collected, then analysed by using suitable tools, explanation/interpretation given, and then finally converted into a valid conclusion. Statistical techniques are used right from data collectiontofinalmeasurement.Differentexperimentaldesignsandsurveysampling techniqueshelpinobtainingthedatawhiledataqualityisimprovisedbystatisticians byusingdatacleaningtechniques.Variousforecastingandpredictiontoolsareavail- ableforprovidinginferences.Statisticalknowledgeisarelevantdisciplineinvarious academicorganizations—insocialandnaturalsciencesandinbusinessset-upsand governmentalorganizations. Theworldisproducingmorestatisticalinformationthaneverbefore,andmany peoplefeeloverwhelmedbyit.Itisimportanttoknowwhatinformationweshould payattentiontowhattodowithitandhowtousethem.Statisticsareinformationbut, as Albert Einstein put it, “information is not knowledge”. Yet, it is the knowledge thatleadstogooddecision-makingandspursprogress.Statisticsarerawmaterialfor thecreationofknowledge,andobviously,thequalityofstatisticsiscriticalforpublic policy.Flawedanalysisaffectsconclusionsandcanleadtopoorpolicydecisions,thus negatingthepurposeofdataanalysis.AsBenjaminFranklinsaid,“aninvestmentin knowledgepaysthebestinterest”. Awell-plannedprogramisessentialbeforecollectingthedata.Knowledgeabout alternative statistical methods, their assumptions, limitations and their usability is veryimportanttotheresearcher.Manytimes,aresearchermaynotbeabletodeter- minetheappropriatetooltousefordifferentkindsofdata.He/shemayapplyarigid theoreticalapproachwhichmaynotbecorrect.Whenstandardquestionsareused,it mayleadtostructuralbiasandfalserepresentation.Theymayalsocollectanarrow andsuperficialdataset,andtheresultscangetdistortedbecauseoffalseassumptions andinaccurateuseoftechniques. ix
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