ELECTROSPUN AND NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES This page intentionally left blank ELECTROSPUN AND NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES Principles and Applications Editedby A K LI ARGARI DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology(TehranPolytechnic),Tehran,Iran T M AKESHI ATSUURA DepartmentofChemicalandBiologicalEngineering,UniversityofOttawa,Ottawa,ON,Canada M M A. S OHAMMAD AHDI HIRAZI MembraneIndustryDevelopmentInstitute,Tehran,Iran Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodsthey shouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessional responsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliability foranyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,or fromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-823032-9 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals CoverimagefromParvinArehjani Publisher:SusanDennis AcquisitionsEditor:AnitaKoch EditorialProjectManager:AndreaR.Dulberger ProductionProjectManager:MariaBernard CoverDesigner:VickyPearson TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contents Contributors ix 8. Multiplenozzleelectrospray 63 9. High-throughputelectrospray 64 I 10. Electrosprayconfigurations 65 11. Thecomparisonofelectrosprayandothermethods Principles intermsoffiberproduction 65 12. Applications 66 13. Patents 73 1. Principles of electrospinning 14. Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 73 and nanofiber membranes References 77 TAKESHIMATSUURAANDMOHAMMADMAHDIA.SHIRAZI 4. Gas-assisted electrospinning and electroblowing 1. Introduction 3 2. Electrospinningtechnology 9 MAREKPOKORNY´,LENKABARDONˇOVA´,ADE(cid:1)LAKOTZIANOVA´, 3. Outlinesofthisbook 19 ANDVLADIM´IRVELEBNY´ References 19 1. Introduction 82 Furtherreading 25 2. Inputandsetupparametersoftheelectroblowing 2. Melt electrospinning for membrane process 83 3. Regulatedprocessparametersintheelectroblowing fabrication method 89 MUHAMMADAMIRULISLAM,SEYEDABOLHASSANHOSSEINI, 4. Propertiesoffibrousstructuresproducedby LALEHSHAMAEI,SADEGHAGHAPOURAKTIJ,AND electroblowing 91 MOHTADASADRZADEH 5. Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 99 1. Introduction 27 References 100 2. Meltelectrospinning 28 5. Coaxial electrospinning 3. Influentialfactorsonmeltelectrospinning 31 4. Progressinmeltelectrospinningdevices 40 MAHSAMOSTOFIZADEH,MICAL.PITCHER,ANDAMIRSHEIKHI 5. Fabricatingporousmembranesbymelt 1. Introduction 105 electrospinning 41 2. Engineeringfiberstructuresviacoaxial 6. Conclusions 46 electrospinning 106 References 46 3. Coaxialelectrospinningprocessandparameters 109 3. Electrospraying for membrane fabrication 4. Applicationsofcoaxialelectrospinning 114 5. Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 121 SEYEDEHSHADIHOSSEINIANDAFSANEHVALIPOURI References 123 1. Introduction 53 6. Bubble electrospinning: Mass production of 2. Backgroundofelectrospray 54 3. Electrosprayprocessandbasicprinciples 55 nanomaterials 4. Governingequations 56 XIAO-XIALI,ZHILIU,ANDJI-HUANHE 5. Dimensionlessnumbers 57 6. Electrosprayingmodes 58 1. Introduction 128 7. Effectiveparameters 61 2. Bubbleelectrospinningtechnology 128 v vi Contents 3. Thedeviceofbubbleelectrospinning 133 Acknowledgment 260 4. Fibermorphologyofbubbleelectrospinning 136 References 260 5. Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 141 References 141 10. Nonelectro nanofiber spinning techniques 7. Needleless electrospinning ALIKILIC,SULESELCUK,ALITOPTAS, MONIREHKOUHI,MINAMOBASHERI,AND ANDAYBENIZSEYHAN AFSANEHVALIPOURI 1. Introduction 267 1. Introduction 145 2. Solutionblowing(SB-spin) 269 2. Principleofneedlelesselectrospinning 146 3. Centrifugalspinning(CS) 273 3. Materialssuitableforapplicationinneedleless 4. Meltblowing 277 electrospinning 146 4. Deviceset-upinneedlelesselectrospinning 147 5. Othernonelectronanofiber-spinning techniques 279 5. Formationofcore-shellnanofibersbyneedleless 6. Hybridnanofibermanufacturingtechniques 283 electrospinning 158 6. Applicationofneedlelesselectrospun 7. Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 284 References 285 membranes 160 7. Recentpatentsonneedlelesselectrospinning 163 8. Challengesandfutureperspectives 166 11. Characterization of nanofibers and 9. Conclusions 167 nanofiber membranes References 167 MORTEZAAFSARI,HOKYONGSHON,ANDLEONARDD.TIJING 8. Organic and inorganic electrospun 1. Introduction 296 nanofibers 2. Characterizationofnanofibersandnanofiber MOHAMMADHASSANKANANI-JAZIANDSOMAYEAKBARI membranes 296 3. Physicalandmorphologicalcharacterization 297 1. Introduction 173 4. Mechanicalcharacterizationofthenanofibers 308 2. Fabricationmethodsoforganic/inorganic 5. Chemicalcharacterizationofnanofibers 311 nanofibers 175 6. Thermalcharacterization 313 3. Applicationsfororganic/inorganicnanofibers 181 7. Electricalanddielectricbehaviormeasurement 315 4. Patentanalysis 188 8. Conclusionandfutureperspectives 317 5. Characterizationoforganic/inorganicelectrospun References 318 fibers 189 6. Conclusionsandfuturetrends 197 II References 197 9. Scale-up strategies for electrospunnanofiber Applications production 12. Electrospun membranes for microfiltration YANBOLIU,MINGHAO,CONGZHOU,BOYANG,SHANJIANG, JUANHUANG,ZHIJUNCHEN,YONGLIU,AND BIHTERZEYTUNCU,REYHANSENGUR-TASDEMIR, SEERAMRAMAKRISHNA MEHMETEMINPASAOGLU,RECEPKAYA,TURKERTURKEN, ANDISMAILKOYUNCU 1. Introduction 206 2. Categoriesofelectrospinningtechnologies 207 1. Introduction 325 3. Issuesinelectrospinningtechnology 225 2. ComparisonofconventionaltechniquesforMF 4. Strategiesforscale-upelectrospinning 227 fabricationwithelectrospinningtechnique 326 5. Progressinlarge-scaleelectrospinning 250 3. Modificationofelectrospunnanofibermembranes 6. Summary 260 formicrofiltration 328 vii Contents 4. Applicationofelectrospunnanofibermembranes 7. Fundamentalsandapplicationsofnanofiber- onmicrofiltration 330 embeddedcoalescingfiltration 419 5. Recentpatentsinmicrofiltrationapplication 8. Comparisonofelectrospunandphaseinversion ofnanofibrousmembranes 339 membranesfortheseparationofoil-in-water 6. Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 342 emulsion 426 References 342 9. Foulingandcleaningoftheelectrospunmembranes appliedforoil-in-waterseparation 426 10. Conclusionandfutureperspectives 427 13. ElectrospunmembranesforUF/NF/RO/FO/ References 427 PRO membranes and processes LUKKATHUYAVANYOGARATHINAM,JUHANAJAAFAR, 16. Electrospun adsorptive membranes for AHMADFAUZIISMAIL,PEISEANGOH, ion adsorption MOHDHAFIZDZARFANOTHMAN,MUKHLISA.RAHMAN, ANDJEROMEPETER MOHAMMADAMINALAEISHAHMIRZADIANDALIKARGARI 1. Introduction 347 1. Introduction 433 2. Pressure-drivenmembraneprocess 348 2. Conceptofadsorptivemembranes 434 3. Osmoticallydrivenmembraneprocesses 357 3. Electrospinningtechniques 436 4. Conclusionandfutureperspectives 360 4. Typesofelectrospunadsorptivemembranes 437 References 365 5. Polymertypesfornanofibermembranes 438 6. Modificationmethods 440 14. Electrospun and nanofibrous membranes 7. Electrospunfunctionalization 441 for membrane distillation 8. Inorganicelectrospunmembranes 444 9. Mixedmatrixmembranes 445 MOHAMMADAMINALAEISHAHMIRZADI,KAMRANJALALI, 10. Currentchallengesandfuturepotential 449 ANDALIKARGARI References 449 1. Introduction 372 2. Electrospinning 375 17. Electrospun ion-exchange membranes 3. Otherfabricationmethods 379 SHAOLINGZHANGANDHIDETOSHIMATSUMOTO 4. Characterizationofelectrospunnanofibrous membranes(ENMs)forMD 380 1. Introduction 455 5. ModificationofENMsforMD 382 2. Fundamentalaspectsofion-exchangenanofibers 456 6. DifferenttypesofENMs 392 3. Applicationofion-exchangenanofibers 459 7. PatentsonENMsforMDapplication 395 4. Summaryandoutlook 464 8. Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks 395 References 466 References 400 18. Nanospun membranes developed by 15. Nanofibers for oil-water separation and electrospinning techniques for drug delivery coalescing filtration applications FATMAYALCINKAYA,AYSEGULGUNDUZ,EVRENBOYRAZ, MAHADEVAPPAY.KARIDURAGANAVAR, ANDMAREKBRYJAK GEETHAB.HEGGANNAVAR,NANDINIA.PATTANASHETTI, NEETAU.DONNIMATH,ANDGEOFFREYR.MITCHELL 1. Introduction 410 2. Fundamentalsofsurfacescience 410 1. Introduction 472 3. Surfacemodification 413 2. Electrospunfibers 473 4. Preparationofnanofibermembranes 415 3. Drugloadinganddrugreleasefromelectrospun 5. Membranestability 417 nanofibers 475 6. Casestudiesonseparationoftheoil-water 4. Materials 479 emulsion 418 5. Applications 481 viii Contents 6. Conclusionsandfutureprospective 493 5. Conclusionandfutureperspectives 571 Acknowledgments 493 References 572 References 493 Furtherreading 499 22. Electrospun membranes for air filtration F.RUSSO,S.SANTORO,R.CASTRO-MUN˜OZ,F.GALIANO,AND 19. Antimicrobial electrospun membranes A.FIGOLI PAYAMZAHEDI,ALIREZAKHATIBI,ANDMAHSHID 1. Introduction 577 FALLAH-DARREHCHI 2. Mechanismoffiltration 580 1. Introduction 501 3. Performanceevaluation 583 2. Mainapplicationsofantimicrobialnanofibrous 4. Electrospunnanofibermaterialsforairfiltration 585 membranes 502 5. Electrospunnanofiberconfigurations 589 3. Antimicrobialagentsandtheirusageinwound 6. Applicationsforairfiltration 589 dressings 506 7. Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 595 4. Conclusionandfutureperspectives 515 References 596 References 516 23. Smart and novel nanofiber membranes 20. Electrospun membranes for batteries F.GALIANO,S.SANTORO,R.CASTRO-MUN˜OZ,F.RUSSO,AND PRIYESHWAGH A.FIGOLI 1. Introduction 521 1. Introduction 603 2. ElectrospunmembranesforthefabricationofLIBs 523 2. Janusmembranes 605 3. Electrospunmembranesforthefabricationof 3. Nanofibermembranesinregenerativemedicine 607 next-generationbatteries 538 4. Nanofibermembraneswithnanonets/spiderweb 610 4. Researchandcommercializationeffortsacrossthe 5. Nanofibroussensitivemembranes 613 world 538 6. Nanofibermembranesfortheencapsulationof 5. Challengesandperspectives 539 bioactivecompounds 616 References 545 7. Conclusionandfutureperspectives 618 References 619 21. Electrospun membranes for fuel cell 24. Future perspectives and market of the technology electrospun and nanofibrous membranes HAZLINAJUNOH,JUHANAJAAFAR, MOHDHAFIZDZARFANOTHMAN, TAKESHIMATSUURAANDMOHAMMADMAHDIA.SHIRAZI NIKABDULHADIMOHDNORDIN,AHMADFAUZIISMAIL, MUKHLISA.RAHMAN,FARHANAAZIZ,AND 1. Introduction 625 NORHANIZAYUSOF 2. Progressinresearchandtechnology 626 3. Progressinthemarket 629 1. Introduction 555 4. Futureperspective 630 2. Electrospinningsetupandprocess 557 References 632 3. Operatingparametersforelectrospinning 565 4. Electrospunmembranesforfuelcell Index 637 applications 567 Contributors MortezaAfsari CentreforTechnologyinWaterand NeetaU. Donnimath KarnatakaInstituteforDNA Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Research,Dharwad,India Engineering, University of Technology Sydney Mahshid Fallah-Darrehchi Nano-Biopolymers (UTS),Ultimo,NSW,Australia ResearchLaboratory,SchoolofChemicalEngineer- SadeghAghapourAktij DepartmentofMechanical ing,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofTehran, Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab Tehran,Iran (AWRL), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, A.Figoli InstituteonMembraneTechnology(CNR- Canada ITM),Rende,Cosenza,Italy Somaye Akbari Textile Engineering Department, F. Galiano Institute on Membrane Technology SchoolofMaterialsandAdvancedProcessesEngi- (CNR-ITM),Rende,Cosenza,Italy neering,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology(Teh- Pei Sean Goh Advanced Membrane Technology ranPolytechnic),Tehran,Iran Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical Mohammad Amin Alaei Shahmirzadi Membrane and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Processes Research Laboratory (MPRL), Depart- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, mentofChemicalEngineering,AmirkabirUniver- Malaysia sity of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Aysegul Gunduz Institute for Nanomaterials, Iran AdvancedTechnologiesandInnovation,Technical Farhana Aziz Advanced Membrane Technology UniversityofLiberec,Liberec,CzechRepublic Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Ming Hao School of Textile Science and Engineer- Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical ing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan; School of and Energy Engineering, University Technology TextileScienceandEngineering,TiangongUniver- Malaysia,Skudai,Malaysia sity,Tianjin,China LenkaBardonˇova´ Contiproa.s.,R&DDepartment, Doln´ı Dobrou(cid:1)c; Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, Ji-Huan He National Engineering Laboratory for VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, ModernSilk,CollegeofTextileandClothingEngi- neering, Soochow University, Suzhou; School of CzechRepublic Science,Xi’anUniversityofArchitectureandTech- Evren Boyraz Faculty of Mechatronics, Technical nology,Xi’an,China UniversityofLiberec,Liberec,CzechRepublic GeethaB.Heggannavar DepartmentofChemistry, MarekBryjak FacultyofChemistry,WroclawUni- KarnatakUniversity,Dharwad,India versity of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Seyed Abolhassan Hosseini Department of Poland Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water R.Castro-Mun˜oz TecnologicodeMonterrey,Cam- Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, pus Toluca, Toluca de Lerdo, M(cid:3)exico; Faculty of Edmonton,AB,Canada Chemistry, Department of Process Engineering Seyedeh Shadi Hosseini Department of Mechani- and Chemical Technology, Gdansk University of calEngineering,IsfahanUniversityofTechnology, Technology,Gdansk,Poland Isfahan,Iran Zhijun Chen School of Textile Science and Engi- JuanHuang SchoolofTextileScienceandEngineer- neering,WuhanTextileUniversity,Wuhan,China ing,WuhanTextileUniversity,Wuhan,China ix