Electrospinning of Nanofibers for Battery Applications

163 Pages·2020·8.519 MB·English

by  Shengjie Peng, P. Robert Ilango

Shengjie Peng
P. Robert Ilango
Electrospinning
of Nanofibers
for Battery
Applications
fi
Electrospinning of Nano bers for Battery
Applications
Shengjie Peng P. Robert Ilango
(cid:129)
Electrospinning
fi
of Nano bers for Battery
Applications
123
ShengjiePeng P. RobertIlango
Department ofApplied Chemistry Department ofApplied Chemistry
NanjingUniversity ofAeronautics NanjingUniversity ofAeronautics
andAstronautics andAstronautics
Nanjing, China Nanjing, China
ISBN978-981-15-1427-2 ISBN978-981-15-1428-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1428-9
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Preface
Atpresent,nanotechnologyisofferingnewresultsandprospectstoguaranteeviable
energy for the future on account of their unusual shapes, compositions, and
physical/chemical properties. Remarkably, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures,
such as nanofibers, nanorods, and nanotubes, have drawn significant interest
because of confinement effects and the structure-correlated properties.
One-dimensional nanostructured material can be synthesized by using various
techniques, including top-down synthesis and bottom-up method. Among them,
electrospinning is an uncomplicated and versatile system which is used in gener-
ating1Dnanostructures.Thepreparednanofiberscanbescaledupforassemblyon
an industrial scale with tunable resulting characteristics like morphology and
diameter.
Interestingly, electrospun-based nanofibers deliver higher electrochemical per-
formance for batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. Though many reports have
been published over the years on the electrospun nanofiber-based materials syn-
thesis and their potential application, still the recent development of different
nanofiber-based materials for battery applications is not overviewed. Therefore, in
this book, we discussed hot and new trending growth of various materials such as
metaloxides,metals,andcarbon-basedcompositenanofibersusingelectrospinning
method. Undoubtedly, this book provides more achievement on materials per-
spectivesfortheirfutureresearchanddevelopmentsintheenergystoragesystems.
Nanjing, China Prof. Shengjie Peng
Dr. P. Robert Ilango
v
Contents
1 Electrospinning Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction of Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Electrospinning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Instrument and Working Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Effect of Precursor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Effect of Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Types of Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 Random Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Aligned Fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Core/Shell Fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 Electrospinning of Nanofibers for Li-Ion Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Li-Ion Battery Working Principle and Cell Structure. . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Perspectives on Material Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.2 Anode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1 Cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.2 Free-Standing Anodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Binder-Free Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.1 Binder-Free Cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.2 Binder-Free Anodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5 Other Composites for Cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.6 Other Composites for Anodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6.1 Metal/CNF Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6.2 Metal Oxides/CNF Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.6.3 TMD/CNF Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
vii
viii Contents
3 Electrospinning of Nanofibers for Na-Ion Battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.1 Na-Ion Battery Working Principle and Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2 Perspectives on Material Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.2.1 Cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2.2 Anodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3 Freestanding Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.1 Freestanding Cathodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.2 Freestanding Anodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4 Binder-Free Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.4.1 Binder-Free Cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.4.2 Binder-Free Anodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.5 Other Composites for Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.6 Other Composites for Anodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.6.1 Metal/CNF Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.6.2 Metal Oxide/CNF Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.6.3 2D/CNF Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4 Electrospinning of Nanofibers for K-Ion Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1 K-Ion Battery Working Principle and Cell Structure. . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 Perspectives on Material Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.1 Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.2 Anode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3 Free-Standing Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.3.1 Free-Standing Anodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4 Binder-Free Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4.1 Binder-Free Cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.4.2 Binder-Free Anodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.5 Other Electrodes for Anode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.5.1 Metal/CNF Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.5.2 2D/CNF Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5 Electrospinning of Nanofibers for Li–S Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.1 Li–S Battery Working Principle and Cell Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 Perspectives on Material Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.1 Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.2 Anode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2.3 Binder-Free Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2.4 Binder-Free Cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.3 Free-Standing Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.3.1 Free-Standing Cathodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Contents ix
5.4 Other Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4.1 Interlayer for Li–S Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4.2 Metal Oxides/CNF Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6 Electrospinning of Nanofibers for Zn-Air Battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.1 Zn-Air Battery Working Principle and Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2 Perspectives on Material Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.2.1 Anode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.2.2 Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.3 Binder-Free Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.4 Free-Standing Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.5 Types of Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.5.1 ORR Electrocatalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.5.2 OER Electrocatalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.5.3 Bi/Multifunctional Electrocatalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7 Electrospinning of Nanofibers for Li-Air Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.1 Li-Air Battery Working Principle and Cell Structure. . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.2 Perspectives on Material Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.2.1 Anode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.2.2 Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.3 Binder Free Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.4 Free-Standing Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.5 Other Catalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.5.1 Metal Oxides Electrocatalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.5.2 Metal and Other Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8 Summary and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
About the Authors
Prof.ShengjiePeng receivedhisPh.D.degreeatNankaiUniversity(P.R.China)
in2010.FollowingapostdoctoralfellowshipwithProf.AlexYanandProf.Seeram
Ramakrishna at Nanyang Technological University and National University of
Singapore, he is now working as a professor at Nanjing University of Aeronautics
and Astronautics. He has been working on functional nanomaterials in energy and
environment for more than ten years. His current research interests include the
design and development of nanomaterials and their applications in energy.
Dr.P.RobertIlango obtainedhisPh.D.degreefromKyungHeeUniversity(South
Korea) in 2016. He worked as a postdoc fellow at National Tsing-Hua University
(Taiwan,2016–2018).HealsoworkedasapostdoctoralresearchfellowatNanjing
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (China, October 2018–January 2020)
underthesupervisionProf.ShengjiePeng.Currently,heisworkingasapostdoctoral
researchfellowattheUniversityofNorthDakota,USA.Hisresearchinterestsfocus
onthepreparationofvariousnanostructuredmaterialsforenergystorageapplications.
xi
Chapter 1
Electrospinning Technology
Abstract Inthischapter,wediscusstheinstrumentationandunderlyingprinciple
ofelectrospinningtechniques.Eventhoughtherearemanymethodsoffabricating
nanofibers,electrospinningisconceivablythemostversatileprocess.Materialssuch
as polymer, composites, ceramic and metal nanofibers have been built using elec-
trospinning directly or through post-spinning processes. We arranged the different
types of electrospun nanofibers and their recent development including aligned,
random,andcore–shellnanofibers.Finally,wereviewedthepossiblepotentialappli-
cationssuchastissueengineering,watertreatmentandenergystorageapplications.
This analysis may bring overall ideas related to electrospun preparation and their
significantapplicationswiththeactualmechanism.
· ·
Keywords Electrospinning Typesoffiber Potentialapplications
1.1 IntroductionofMaterials
It is well known that the fast population growth and universal energy demand
andchangesinclimateconcernsimposeastrategyrevolutiontorenewableenergy
sources.Thegrowthofhigh-performanceenergystoragedeviceshasbeenagradually
highclaimtoenableresourceful[1,2].Theextensiveapplicationofelectricvehicles
requires finding substitute power sources with high power/energy densities, long
cycliclifeandzero-emission.Batteriesarethedominantpowersourcetothemany
portabledevices.Carbonmaterialsincludecarbonnanotube,graphene,andcarbon
nanofibershavebeenbroadlystudiedduetotheiradmirablemultifunctionalactivi-
ties.Interestingly,theyshowsgoodchemicalstability,excellentelectricalconductiv-
itiesandlargesurfaceareas.Table1.1describesvariousmaterialandtheirapplica-
tions[3–5].Carbonnanofibershavedifferentarrangementssubjectontheassembling
styleofgraphenelayers.Thegraphenelayerscanbeperpendicular,inclinedoreven
coiledalongthefiberaxis[6]Amorphouscarbonnanofiberscouldbeproducedbythe
spinningofapolymerprecursor,accompaniedbycarbonizationatalow-temperature
treatmentrespectively[7].Becauseofexceptionalproperties,thecarbonnanofibers
havepresentedgreatprospectiveforlarge-scaleapplicationsinmanyareas,correctly
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicense 1
toSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020
S.PengandP.R.Ilango,ElectrospinningofNanofibersforBatteryApplications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1428-9_1