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Electronics Workshop Companion for Hobbyists Stan Gibilisco New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto ch00_FM_gibilisco_EWC-p2.indd 1 3/31/15 12:48 PM Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. ISBN: 978-0-07-184381-2 MHID: 0-07-184381-7 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-184380-5, MHID: 0-07-184380-9. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. In memory of Jack, mentor and friend ch00_FM_gibilisco_EWC-p2.indd 3 3/31/15 12:48 PM This page intentionally left blank About the Author Stan Gibilisco, an electronics engineer and mathematician, has authored multiple titles for the McGraw-Hill Demystified and Know-It-All series, along with numerous other technical books and dozens of magazine articles. His work appears in several languages. Stan has been an active Amateur Radio operator since 1966, and operates from his station W1GV in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. ch00_FM_gibilisco_EWC-p2.indd 5 3/31/15 12:48 PM This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction ................................................. xiii 1 Setting Up Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Workbench .................................................. 1 Multimeter .................................................. 4 Bonus Equipment ........................................... 8 Power Considerations ........................................ 11 Experiment: Dirty Electricity .................................. 15 2 Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Fixed Resistors .............................................. 21 Power Ratings ............................................... 23 Ohmic Values ............................................... 25 Tolerance ................................................... 25 Color Codes ................................................. 25 Variable Resistors ............................................ 28 Handy Math ................................................ 29 Experiment 1: Resistance of a Liquid ........................... 31 Experiment 2: Resistors in Series ............................... 35 Experiment 3: Ohm’s Law ..................................... 38 3 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 What Is Capacitance? ......................................... 43 Simple Capacitors ............................................ 44 Expressing Capacitance ....................................... 46 Fixed Capacitors ............................................. 46 Variable Capacitors .......................................... 49 Stray Capacitance ............................................ 51 Handy Math ................................................ 51 Experiment 1: Discharging a Capacitor .......................... 53 Experiment 2: Capacitance Measurement ....................... 60 4 Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 What Is Inductance? .......................................... 63 Simple Inductors ............................................. 64 vii ch00_FM_gibilisco_EWC-p2.indd 7 3/31/15 12:48 PM viii Contents Contents ix Expressing Inductance ........................................ 66 Coil Interaction .............................................. 66 Air Cores ................................................... 69 Ferromagnetic Cores ......................................... 69 Handy Math ................................................ 73 Experiment 1: Electromagnet .................................. 76 Experiment 2: Galvanometer .................................. 80 5 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Voltage Transformation ....................................... 85 Impedance Matching ......................................... 87 Autotransformers ............................................ 90 Transformers for AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 AF versus RF ................................................ 94 Experiment 1: Transformer Tests ............................... 95 Experiment 2: Back-to-Back Transformers ....................... 97 6 Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Characteristics ............................................... 101 Rectification ................................................. 103 Detection ................................................... 104 Frequency Multiplication ..................................... 105 Signal Mixing ............................................... 106 Switching ................................................... 107 Voltage Regulation ........................................... 107 Amplitude Limiting .......................................... 109 Frequency Control ........................................... 110 Oscillation and Amplification .................................. 111 Energy Conversion ........................................... 112 Experiment 1: Voltage Reducer ................................ 114 Experiment 2: Bridge Rectifier ................................. 116 7 Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Bipolar Transistors ........................................... 123 Basic Bipolar-Transistor Circuits ............................... 127 Field-Effect Transistors ....................................... 131 Metal-Oxide FETs ............................................ 137 Basic FET Circuits ............................................ 139 Experiment 1: Check a Bipolar Transistor ........................ 142 Experiment 2: Check a JFET ................................... 147 ch00_FM_gibilisco_EWC-p2.indd 8 3/31/15 12:48 PM viii Contents Contents ix 8 Integrated Circuits and Digital Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Advantages of IC Technology .................................. 153 Limitations of IC Technology .................................. 154 Linear ICs ................................................... 154 Digital ICs .................................................. 159 Component Density .......................................... 161 IC Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Microcomputers and Microcontrollers .......................... 163 Boolean Algebra ............................................. 164 Logic Gates ................................................. 166 Clocks ...................................................... 167 Flip-Flops ................................................... 168 Counters .................................................... 169 Experiment 1: Build an OR Gate ............................... 169 Experiment 2: Build an AND Gate .............................. 171 9 More Components and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Cells and Batteries ........................................... 173 Wire Splicing ................................................ 177 Soldering and Desoldering .................................... 179 Cords and Cables ............................................ 182 Plugs and Connectors ........................................ 186 Oscilloscope ................................................. 188 Spectrum Analyzer ........................................... 190 Frequency Counter ........................................... 192 Signal Generator ............................................. 193 Appendix A Schematic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Appendix B Prefix Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Appendix C Standard International Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . 213 Appendix D Electrical Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Appendix E Magnetic Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Appendix F Miscellaneous Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Appendix G American Wire Gauge (AWG) Diameters . . . . . . . . . 225 Appendix H British Standard Wire Gauge (NBS SWG) Diameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 ch00_FM_gibilisco_EWC-p2.indd 9 3/31/15 12:48 PM