Table Of ContentElectronics for Technicians
Macmillan TechnicianSeries
PeterAstley, Engineering, DrawingandDesignII
PJ. AvardandJ. Cross,WorkshopProcessesandMaterialsI
G.D.Bishop,Electricaland ElectronicSystemsandPracticeI
G.D.Bishop,Electronicsfor Technicians
J.C. Cluley,ElectricalDrawingI
John Elliott,BuildingScienceandMaterials
John G.Ellisand Norman J. Riches,SafetyandLaboratoryPractice
D.E. Hewitt, EngineeringScienceII
P.R Lancasterand D.Mitchell,Mechanical ScienceIII
Rhys Lewis,PhysicalScienceI
NoelM.Morris,Digital Techniques
NoelM.Morris,ElectricalPrinciplesII
NoelM.Morris,ElectricalPrinciplesIII
Owen Perry andJoyce Perry,MathematicsI
A.Simpson, LightCurrentElectricalApplicationsIII
Electronics for Technicians
G.D.Bishop
VicePrincipal,BridgwaterCollege
M
©G.D.Bishop1983
Allrightsreserved.Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced or
transmitted,inany form or byany means,withoutpermission.
Firstpublished1983 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
LondonandBasingstoke
Companies and representatives
throughoutthe world
ISBN978-1-349-06485-4 ISBN 978-1-349-06483-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-06483-0
The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition
that it shallnot, by wayoftrade or otherwise,belent,resold,
hired out,orotherwise circulated withoutthe publisher'sprior
consentinany form ofbindingor coverotherthan thatinwhichit
ispublished and withoutasimilarconditionincludingthis condition
beingimposed on the subsequentpurchaser.
Foreword vii
Contents
Preface ix
1. SemiconductorDiodes 1
1.1 Conductors and Insulators;Semiconductors 1
1.2 p-type andn-type Materials 4
1.3 Thepn Junction 6
1.4 SemiconductorDiodeCharacteristics 7
1.5 SemiconductorDiodeApplications 9
2. Transistors 14
2.1 Thenpn Transistor 15
2.2 Thepnp Transistor 15
2.3 Transistor ModesofConnection 15
2.4 Common-baseTransistor Characteristics 16
2.5 Common-emitter Transistor Characteristics 18
2.6 Transistorh-parameters 19
2.7 Field-effectTransistors 21
2.8 FETCircuits 31
3. Amplifiers 37
3.1 Single-stageTransistor AmplifierCircuit 37
3.2 ClassesofOperation 39
3.3 DeterminationofVoltageGain,Current Gain,Inputand
OutputResistancesand Bandwidth 40
3.4 MeasurementofAmplifierPerformance 41
3.5 Effect ofEmitter/SourceBypassCapacitor 42
3.6 Measurementofthe Inputand OutputImpedances 44
3.7 Interstage Coupling 44
3.8 Radio Frequency Amplifiers 47
4. PowerAmplifiers 51
4.1 Audio FrequencyLarge-signalAmplifiers 51
4.2 MeasurementofLarge-signalAmplifier Performance 56
4.3 ParasiticOscillation 56
4.4 BufferAmplifiersand Impedance-matching 57
4.5 Thermal Runaway 58
vi ELECTRONICSFORTECHNICIANS
5. Noise 61 8. IntegratedCircuits 97
5.1 NoiseCharacteristics 61 8.1 ShortHistory ofICDevelopment 97
5.2 Noisein Amplifiers and Receivers 62 8.2 Linear ICs 103
8.3 Comparison ofIntegratedand Discrete Circuits 113
6. Feedback 70
6.1 FeedbackPrinciples 70 9. Stabilised PowerSupplies 121
6.2 FeedbackinAmplifiers 72
9.1 Stabilised PowerSupply Requirements 121
9.2 Stabilising Circuit Methods 122
7. WaveformGeneratorsand Switches 77
7.1 Oscillator Waveformsand Uses 77 10. LogicElementsand Circuits 126
7.2 Principles ofOscillation 79
10.1 Two-state Communication ofInformation 126
7.3 BasicOscillatorCircuits 81
10.2 The ANDGate 128
7.4 Oscillator-biasing . 85
10.3 The ORGate 129
7.5 OscillatorStability 86
lOA The NOTGate 130
7.6 TransistorMultivibrators 88
10.5 Simple ElectronicGates 131
7.7 Multivibrator-triggering 94
Answers to Exercises 135
This book is Writtenfor one of the many technician coursesnow
beingrun at technical colleges in accordance with the requirements
Foreword
of the Technician Education Council (TEe). This Council was
establishedin March1973 asa result ofthe recommendationofthe
Government's Haslegrave Committee on Technical Courses and
Examinations, which reported in 1969. TEC's functions were to
rationalise existing technician courses, including the City and
.Guilds of London Institute (C.G.LJ.) Technician courses and the
Ordinary and Higher National Certificate courses (O.N.C. and
H.N.C.), and provide a system of technical education which
satisfied the requirements of 'industry' and 'students' but which
could beoperated economicallyandefficiently.
Four qualificationsare awarded by TEe, namely the Certificate,
Higher Certificate, Diploma and Higher Diploma. The Certificate
award is comparable with the O.N.C.or with the third year of the
C.G.LJ. Technician course, whereas the Higher Certificate is
comparable with the H.N.C. or the C.G.LJ. Part III Certificate.
The Diploma is comparable with the O.N.D. in Engineering or
Technology, the Higher Diploma with the H.N.D. Students study
on a part-time or block-release basisfor the Certificate and Higher
Certificate, whereas the Diplomacoursesare intended for full-time
study. Evening study is possible but not recommended by TEC.
The Certificate course consists offifteen Unitsandisintended to be
studied over a period of three yean; by students, mainly straight
from school, who have three or more C.S.E. Grade III passesor
equivalent in appropriate subjects such as mathematics, English
and science. The HigherCertificate course consistsof a further ten
Units, for two years of part-time study, the total time allocation
being 900 hours of study for the Certificate and 600 hours for the
Higher Certificate. The Diploma requires about 2000 hours of
study over two years, the HigherDiploma afurther 1500hours of
study forafurther twoyears.
Eachstudent isentered on to a Programmeof study onentry to
the course; this programme leads to the award of a Technician
Certificate, the title of which reflects the area of engineeringor
science chosen by the student, such as the Telecommunications
Certificate or the Mechanical Engineering Certificate. TEC have
createdthree mainSectorsofresponsibility:
viii ELECTRONICSFORTECHNICIANS
Sector A responsible for General, Electrical and Mechanical Generaland sixLevel
Engineering Communi IIUnits
Sector B responsible for Building, Mining and Construction cations II CollegeUnit
Engineering
Sector C responsible for the Sciences, Agriculture, Catering, YearIII Industrial
Graphicsand Textiles. StudiesII CollegeUnit
Engineering
Each Sector is divided into Programme committees, which are SystemsII CollegeUnit
responsible for the specialist subjects or programmes, such as Al Mathematics threeLevel
for General Engineering, A2 for Electronics and Telecom III Standard Unit IIIUnits
munications Engineering, A3 for Electrical Engineering, etc. ScienceIII StandardUnit
Colleges have considerable control over the content of their TechnologyIII CollegeUnit
intended programmes, since they can choose the Units for their
programmes to suit the requirements of local industry, college Entry to each Level I or Level II Unit willcarry a prerequisite
resources or student needs. These Units can be written entirely by qualification such as C.S.E. Grade III for Level I or O-level for
the college, thereafter called a college-devised Unit, or can be Level II; certain Craft qualifications will allow students to enter
supplied as a Standard Unit by one ofthe Programmecommittees Level II direct, one or two LevelI Units being studied as 'trailing'
of TEC. AssessmentofeveryUnitiscarriedout by the collegeanda Units in the first year. The study of fiveUnits in one collegeyear
pass in one Unit depends on the attainment gained by the student results in the allocation ofabout two hours per week perUnit,and
in his coursework, laboratory work and an end-of-Unit test. TEC sincemore subjects are often to be studied than forthe comparable
moderate college assessment plans and their validation; external City and Guilds course, the treatment of many subjects is more
assessmentbyTECwillbeintroduced atalater stage. general, with greater emphasis on an understanding of subject
The three-year Certificate course consists of fifteen Units at topics rather than their application. Every syllabusto every Unit is
three Levels:I, II and III,with fiveUnitsnormallystudied peryear. far more detailed than the comparable O.N.C.or C.G.LJ. syllabus,
Atypical programmemight beasfollows. presentation in Learning Objective form being requested by TEC.
For this reason a syllabus, such as that followed by this book,
YearI MathematicsI Standard Unit
might at first sight seemvery long, but analysisofthe syllabuswill
ScienceI Standard Unit
show that 'in-depth' treatment is not necessary- objectives such
Workshop
as 'states Ohm's law' or 'lists the different types of telephone
ProcessesI Standard Unit
receiver' clearly do not require an understanding ofthe derivation
DrawingI Standard Unit
of the Ohm's law equation or the operation of several telephone
Generaland sixLevel
receivers.
CommunicationsI CollegeUnit IUnits
This book satisfies the learning objectives for one of the many
TEC Standard Units, as adopted by many technical colleges for
YearII Engineering
inclusion into their Technician programmes.The treatment of each
SystemsI CollegeUnit
topic iscarried to the depth suggestedbyTEe, andinasimilarway
Mathematics
) the length of the Unit (sixty hours of study for a full Unit),
II StandardUnit
prerequisite qualifications, credits for alternative qualifications and
ScienceII Standard Unit
aimsofthe Unithavebeentaken into account bythe author.
Technology II Standard Unit
This book covers the Electronics content of the TEC Certificate
programme in Electronics (A2) and the Certificate programme in
Preface Telecommunications (A2). In 1980 a revision of the Certificate
programmes in electronics and telecommunications wascarried out
by the Technician Education Council and the Electronics content
originallycontained within Electronics II(U76/010) and Electronics
III(U76/009)wasrestructuredinto two newunits
Electrical and Electronic PrinciplesII(U81/747), sections G and
H,and
Electronicsm(U81/743).
During this process the material on thermionic valvesand cathode
ray tubes was deleted, together with large amounts of transistor
circuit design theory which was thought by the Technician
Education Council to be unnecessary for the modern Electronicsor
TelecommunicationsTechnician.
Chapters 1 and sections 2.1to 2.5ofchapter2coverthe LevelII
material which then extends to the h-parameter and FET material
of LevelIII.Theremainingchapters coverthe objectivesofthe Level
III Unit with expansion to supplementary topicswhereit isthought
necessary. Examples are in chapter 4 where many typical circuits
are included and chapter 7wherefulldetailsofmultivibrator circuit
operation are given.Chapter 8 includesa brief history ofintegrated
circuit development, details of modern lC manufacture and a
number of typical linear ICsand their workingcircuits. Chapter 10
has been included as a supplementary chapter which links the
electronics content of this bookwith that ofMicroelectronicsIIand
DigitalTechniquesII.
lt is essential that the principles covered in the prerequisite
Physical Science I Unit are understood before reading this book,
since basic electrical theory and a full appreciation of electric
currents and voltages are assumed to be fully understood prior to
the reading of this book. An electronics or telecommunications
technician must obtain a feel for the circuits beinginvestigatedso
that fault diagnosiscan belogicallycarriedout rather than the time
consuminghit-and-missmethods.
This Unit follows a TEC syllabus written in objective form,
starting with, for example, 'the expected learning outcome is that
the student compares the properties of a field-effect transistor with
