Electronics Cookbook: Practical Electronic Recipes with Arduino and Raspberry Pi

391 Pages·2016·141.075 MB·English

by  Simon Monk

Electronics Cookbook
Simon Monk
Electronics Cookbook
by Simon Monk
Copyright © 2016 Simon Monk. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are
also available for most titles ( http://safaribooksonline.com ). For more information, contact our corporate/
institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected] .
Editors: Susan Conant and Jeff Bleiel Proofreader: FILL IN PROOFREADER
Production Editor: FILL IN PRODUCTION EDI‐ Indexer: FILL IN INDEXER
TOR Interior Designer: David Futato
Copyeditor: FILL IN COPYEDITOR Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
December 2016: First Edition
Revision History for the First Edition
2016-07-29: First Early Release
2016-10-04: Second Early Release
2016-11-17: Third Early Release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491953341 for release details.
The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Electronics Cookbook, the cover
image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
While the publisher and the author(s) have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and
instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author(s) disclaim all responsibil‐
ity for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use
of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own
risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source
licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use
thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
978-1-491-95334-1
[FILL IN]
Table of Contents
1. Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.0 Introduction 9
1.1 Understanding Current 9
1.2 Understanding Voltage 11
1.3 Ohm’s Law 12
1.4 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 15
1.5 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 16
1.6 Understanding Power 17
1.7 Alternating Current 18
2. Resistors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.0 Introduction 21
2.1 Reading Resistor Packages 21
2.2 Finding Standard Resistor Values 24
2.3 Potentiometers (Variable Resistors) 25
2.4 Resistors in Series 27
2.5 Resistors in Parallel 28
2.6 Voltage Divider 29
2.7 Power Rating 31
2.8 Photoresistors 33
2.9 Thermistor 35
2.10 Wires and Conductors 37
3. Capacitors and Inductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.0 Introduction 41
3.1 Capacitor Basics 41
3.2 Types of Capacitor 46
3.3 Reading Capacitor Packages 48
iii
3.4 Capacitors in Parallel 49
3.5 Capacitors in Series 50
3.6 Supercapacitors 51
3.7 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 52
3.8 Inductor Basics 53
3.9 Transformers 54
4. Diodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.0 Introduction 59
4.1 Diode Basics 59
4.2 Types of Diode 61
4.3 Zener Diodes 63
4.4 LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) 65
4.5 Photodiodes 66
5. Transistors and Integrated Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.0 Introduction 69
5.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors 70
5.2 Darlington Transistors 74
5.3 MOSFETs 75
5.4 IGBTs 78
5.5 Choosing the Right Transistor 79
5.6 TRIACs 82
5.7 Phototransistors 83
5.8 Opto-couplers and Opto-isolators 84
5.9 IC Basics 86
6. Switches and Relays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.0 Introduction 91
6.1 Switch Basics 91
6.2 Types of Switch 93
6.3 Reed Switches 96
6.4 Relays 97
7. Power Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.0 Introduction 99
7.1 AC to AC 100
7.2 Ungregulated AC to DC Power Supplies 102
7.3 Full-wave Recification 104
7.4 AC to Regulated DC 106
7.5 Variable Regulated AC to DC 108
7.6 Voltage Regulation from a Battery Source 110
iv | Table of Contents
7.7 A Constant-Current Power Supply 111
7.8 Efficient DC Voltage Regulation (Switchers) 112
7.9 DC to DC Step-Up (Boost Converters) 113
7.10 Mains Inverters 114
7.11 Mains Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 117
7.12 Voltage Multiplier 118
7.13 High Voltage Supply 450V 120
7.14 Even Higher Voltage Supply (> 1kV) 122
7.15 Very Very High Voltage Supply (Solid-State Tesla Coil) 123
7.16 Fuses 127
7.17 Polarity Protection 129
8. Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.0 Introduction 133
8.1 Estimating Battery Life 133
8.2 Selecting a Non-Rechargeable Battery 135
8.3 Selecting a Rechargeable Battery 137
8.4 Trickle Charging 138
8.5 Automatic Battery Backup 139
8.6 Charging LiPo Batteries 141
8.7 Joule Thief 143
9. Solar Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.0 Introduction 145
9.1 Solar Power Basics 145
9.2 Choosing a Solar Panel 148
9.3 Measuring the Actual Output Power of a Solar Panel 150
9.4 Powering an Arduino with Solar 153
9.5 Powering a Raspberry Pi with Solar 153
10. Arduino and Raspberry Pi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
10.0 Introduction 159
10.1 Arduino 159
10.2 Downloading and Using the Book’s Arduino Sketches 163
10.3 Raspberry Pi 164
10.4 Downloading and Running this Book’s Python Programs 166
10.5 Running a Program on Raspberry Pi on Startup 167
10.6 Other Boards 168
10.7 GPIO (General Purpose IO) Pins 170
10.8 Arduino Digital Ouputs 174
10.9 Raspberry Pi Digital Outputs 175
10.10 Arduino Digital Inputs 176
Table of Contents | v
10.11 Raspberry Pi Digital Inputs 181
10.12 Arduino Analog Inputs 182
10.13 Arduino Analog Output 184
10.14 Raspberry Pi PWM Output 188
10.15 Raspberry Pi I2C (IC to IC Interface) 189
10.16 Raspberry Pi SPI (Serial Programming Interface) 192
10.17 Level Conversion 193
11. Switching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
11.0 Introduction 197
11.1 The BJT as a Switch 197
11.2 High-side Switching using a BJT 199
11.3 The MOSFET as a Switch 201
11.4 High-side Switching with a MOSFET 204
11.5 BJT verses MOSFET 205
11.6 Switching with Arduino 206
11.7 Switching with a Raspberry Pi 211
11.8 Push-Pull Driving 212
11.9 Controlling a Relay from a GPIO Pin 214
11.10 Controlling a Solid State Relay from a GPIO Pin 216
12. Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
12.0 Introduction 219
12.1 Using a Switch 219
12.2 Position Sensing with a Quadrature Encoder 225
12.3 Resistive Sensors (Analog Input) 229
12.4 Adding Analog Inputs to Raspberry Pi 231
12.5 Resistive Sensors (Step Response) 232
12.6 Measuring Light Intensity with a Photoresistor 234
12.7 Measuring Temperature with a Thermistor (Voltage Divider) 235
12.8 Measuring Temperature with a Thermistor (Step Response) 238
12.9 Measuring Rotation using a Potentiometer 239
12.10 Measuring Temperature with a TMP36 241
12.11 Using a DS18B20 Digital Temperature Sensor 243
12.12 Measuring Humidity 247
12.13 Measuring Distance 249
13. Motors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
13.0 Introduction 255
13.1 Switching DC Motors On and Off 255
13.2 Mewasuring the Speed of a DC Motor 256
13.3 Controlling the Direction of a DC Motor 259
vi | Table of Contents
13.4 Servomotors 263
13.5 Bipolar Stepper Motors 269
13.6 Unipolar Stepper Motors 274
14. LEDs and Displays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
14.0 Introduction 279
14.1 Standard LEDs 279
14.2 Driving High-Power LEDs 283
14.3 Powering Lots of LEDs 285
14.4 Switching Lots of LEDs at the Same Time 287
14.5 Multiplexing 7-Segment Displays 288
14.6 Charlieplexing 291
14.7 RGB LEDs 296
14.8 Addressable LED Strips 302
14.9 I2C 7-Segment LED Displays 305
14.10 OLED I2C Displays 309
14.11 Alphanumeric LCD Displays 311
15. Digital ICs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
15.0 Introduction 317
15.1 Decoupling Capacitors 317
15.2 Logic Families 319
15.3 Serial to Parallel Shift Registers 320
15.4 Flip Flops 324
15.5 Frequency Dividers 326
15.6 Decimal Counters 327
16. Analog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
16.0 Introduction 331
16.1 Low-Pass Filtering (RC) 331
16.2 A Transistor Oscillator 335
16.3 Ring Oscillator 331
16.4 Emitter Follower Buffer 338
16.5 Oscillator Using an NE555 IC (50% Duty Cycle) 339
16.6 Oscillator Using an NE555 IC (Variable Duty Cycle) 341
16.7 One Shot Timer Using an NE555 IC 344
16.8 PWM Motor Speed Control 345
16.9 PWM of an Analog Signal Using a NE555 Timer IC 348
16.10 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 350
17. Operational Amplifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
17.0 Introduction 353
Table of Contents | vii
17.1 Selecting an Op-Amp 353
17.2 Powering an Op-Amp (Split Supply) 355
17.3 Powering an Op-amp (Single Supply) 356
17.4 Inverting Amplifier 357
17.5 Non-Inverting Amplifier 359
17.6 Unity Gain Buffer 361
17.7 Active Low-Pass Filter 363
17.8 Active High Pass Filter 366
17.9 Band-Pass Filter 368
17.10 Comparitors 371
18. Audio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
18.0 Introduction 373
18.1 Decibels 373
18.2 Playing Sounds on Arduino 375
18.3 Playing Sound with a Raspberry Pi 377
18.4 Electret Microphone Pre-amp 378
18.5 Linear Power Amplifier (1W) 383
18.6 Digital Power Amplifier (10W) 385
viii | Table of Contents