Electronics - Analog and Digital (2nd Ed)

929 Pages·2016·39.77 MB·English

by  I. J. NAGRATH

I.J. NAGRATH
Adjunct Professor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, and
Former, Deputy Director
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Pilani
Delhi-110092
2013
ELECTRONICS: Analog and Digital, Second Edition I.J. Nagrath © 2013 by PHI Learning Private
Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or
any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN-978-81-203-4802-8
The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Twelfth Printing (Second Edition)       ...       ... ... November, 2013
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial

Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundli-
131028, Sonepat, Haryana.
Table of Contents
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
1. Se miconductors, Diodes and Diode Circuits
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
1.2 TYPICAL ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND
DEVICES
1.4 CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS
Conduction in Metals
Semiconductors
1.5 DOPED SEMICONDUCTORS
Diffusion
Hall Effect
1.6 JUNCTION DIODES
Junction Formation Technology
pn-Junction Behaviour
IV Characteristic of a Diode
Junction Breakdown
Diode Circuit Model
1.7 DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF DIODE CIRCUITS
1.8 ZENER DIODE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
1.9 DIODE CIRCUITS WITH TIME-VARYING SOURCES
1.10 TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITANCES
1.11 SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIODE
1.12 SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES
Tunnel Diode
Metal-semiconductor Diode (Schottky Diode)
Photodiodes
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Solar Cells
1.13 RECTIFIERS
Half-Wave Rectifier
Full-Wave Rectifier
Bridge Rectifier
1.14 FILTERS
Capacitor Filter
Capacitor-Input and Choke-Input Filter
1.15 SOME DIODE WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS
Voltage Multiplier Circuit
Clipping Circuit
Clamping Circuits
1.16 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
PROBLEMS
2. T ransistors and Integrated Circuits
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Amplifying Action of Devices (Controlled Sources)
2.2 JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (JFET) AND
METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT
TRANSISTOR (MOSFET)
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
Ohmic region
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
Enhancement MOSFET (EMOSFET)
Depletion Enhancement MOSFET (DEMOSFET)
Transfer Characteristics
MOS Terminology
Comparison of PMOS and NMOS Transistors
2.3 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT)
Fabrication
Operation
Common Base (CB) Configuration
Common Emitter (CE) Configuration
Operating Modes
BJT as a Switch
Darlington Transistor (pair)
2.4 INTEGRATED DEVICES AND CIRCUITS MANUFACTURE
Wafers (chips, slices, disks)
First Operation
Epitaxial Growth
Diffusion
Ion Implantation
Fabrication of JFETs
Fabrication of MOSFETs
Fabrication of BJT
Fabrication of Passive Components
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Fabrication Process
Some Examples of IC Technology
2.5 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Case of Non-ideal Transistor
PROBLEMS
3. S mall-Signal Models, Amplification and Biasing
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 IDEALIZED TRANSISTOR MODELS
Bipolar Junction Transistor
JFETs and MOSFETs
3.3 HYBRID-π MODEL
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Field Effect Transistors
3.4 h-PARAMETER MODEL
Determination of h-parameters
Symbolization of Transistor Quantities
Input and output impedances (Resistances)
3.5 TRANSISTOR BIASING
BJT Biasing
Fixed Bias
Thermal Instability (run-away)
Signal Distortion Caused by Fixed Biasing
Potential Divider and Self Bias
Biasing Circuit with Voltage Feedback
FET Biasing
JFETs
MOSFETs
Constant Current Source
BJT Circuit
JFET Circuit
3.6 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT BIASING
3.7 BIAS DESIGN, AC GAIN, INPUT/OUTPUT IMPEDANCES
BJT
FET
3.8 SOME SPECIAL CIRCUITS
Emitter Follower Amplifier
Source Follower (Common Drain Amplifier)
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Common-Gate Circuit
Difference Amplifier
3.9 DARLINGTON PAIR
Bias Analysis
AC Analysis
3.10 FEEDBACK PAIR
DC Analysis
AC Analysis
3.11 EMITTER COUPLED PAIR
Applications
Amplification Factor
3.12 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Digital Circuit Application
Analog Circuit Applications
PROBLEMS
4. S mall-Signal Amplifiers: Frequency Response
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Amplification and Distortion
Certain Basic Amplifier Considerations
4.2 SINGLE-STAGE RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER
Frequency Response (Typical)
The General Amplifier
Typical Amplifier Circuits
Small-Signal Model
Analysis of Series and Parallel RC Circuits
4.3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Midfrequency Analysis
Low Frequency Analysis
Effect of Coupling Capacitors
Effect of Bypass Capacitors
Complete Low Frequency Response
High Frequency Response
High Frequency Circuit Analysis
Input/Output Impedances
4.4 TUNED AMPLIFIER
4.5 MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Amplifiers in Cascade
Gain Bandwidth Product
4.6 CASCODE AMPLIFIER (CE-CB CONFIGURATION)
DC Analysis
AC Analysis
High-frequency Response
4.7 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
PROBLEMS
5. La rge-Signal Amplifiers
5.1 AMPLIFIER CLASSES
5.2 CLASS-A POWER AMPLIFIERS
Series-fed Class-A Amplifier
Maximum Power and Efficiency
5.3 TRANSFORMER-COUPLED POWER AMPLIFIER
5.4 CLASS-B POWER AMPLIFIERS
Push-pull Amplifiers
Push-Pull Signals
5.5 COMPLEMENTARY-SYMMETRY CIRCUITS
5.6 DISTORTION IN AMPLIFIERS
Nonlinear or Amplitude Distortion
Harmonic Distortion
Distortion in Class-AB and Class-B
Crossover Distortion
Noise
5.7 CLASS-AB AMPLIFIERS
5.8 CLASS-C POWER AMPLIFIERS
Tank Circuit Operation
Signal Biasing
Class D Amplifier
5.9 NEW POWER TRANSISTORS
Power MOSFET
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
5.10 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
PROBLEMS
6. Feedba ck Amplifiers and Oscillators
6.1 FEEDBACK CONCEPTS
Block Diagram Representation of a Feedback Amplifier
6.2 TYPE OF FEEDBACK CIRCUITS
Voltage Series Feedback
Voltage Shunt Feedback
Current Series Feedback
Current Shunt Feedback
6.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIERS
6.4 EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON IMPEDANCES
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
6.5 SOME NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CIRCUITS
Voltage Series Feedback
Voltage Shunt Feedback
6.6 PROPERTIES OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Reduction in Frequency Distortion
Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion and Noise
Effect of Negative Feedback on Gain and Bandwidth
Gain Stability with Feedback
6.7 STABILITY IN FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
6.8 OSCILLATOR OPERATION
6.9 PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATORS
FET Phase Shift Oscillator
BJT Phase Shift Oscillator
6.10 WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
6.11 TUNED OSCILLATORS
Transistor Colpitts Oscillator
Transistor Hartley Oscillator
6.12 CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS
Miller Crystal-controlled Oscillator
6.13 UNIJUNCTION OSCILLATOR
Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
UJT Relaxation Oscillator
6.14 PHASE-LOCKED LOOP (PLL)
PLL Operation
PROBLEMS
7. O perational Amplifiers
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 BASIC OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
General Features of OPAMP
Operational Amplifier Architecture