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Electronically Adjustable Bandpass Filter PDF

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Electronically Adjustable Bandpass Filter by Phillip Terblanche Thesispresentedinpartialfulfilmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeof MasterofScienceinEngineering attheFacultyofEngineering,StellenboschUniversity Supervisors:Prof. PetrieMeyerandDr. DirkdeVilliers DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineering December2011 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, originalwork,thatIamthesoleauthorthereof(savetotheextentexplicitlyotherwisestated),thatreproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previouslyinitsentiretyorinpartsubmitteditforobtaininganyqualification. December2011 Date: ............................................ Copyright©2011StellenboschUniversity Allrightsreserved. i Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Thisthesispresentsthestudy,analysisanddesignofelectronicallytunablefilters,thatcanbetunedoverawide frequency range (20-500MHz), for use in a direct sampling receiver. The final design does not have to be a single filter, but may be comprised of a filter bank which enables switching between the filters. The band of interestistoolowtousenormaltransmissionlinesandlumpedelementshavetobeused. Differenttopologies thatcanimplementCoupledResonatorfilterswithlumpedelementsareinvestigated. Devicesthatcanbeused for tuning are also investigated and varactor diodes are found to be the most suitable tuning devices currently available. Two filters, one at the high-end and one at the low-end of the band, were designed and built, both usingvaractordiodes. Thesefiltersperformwellintermsoftuningrange,butachievinglowlosseswithcurrent technologiesinthisbandremainsdifficult. ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Uittreksel Hierdie tesis meld die studie, analise en ontwerp van elektronies verstelbare filters, wat verstelbaar is oor ’n wyeband(20-500MHz),virgebruikin’ndirek-monster-ontvanger. Diefinaleontwerphoefnie’nenkelefilter te wees nie, maar kan bestaan uit ’n filterbank wat skakeling tussen die filters toelaat. Die betrokke band is te laag vir die gebruik van normale transmissielyne en diskrete komponente moet gebruik word. Verskillende topologieëwatgekoppelderesoneerderfiltersimplementeermetdiskretekomponenteisondersoek. Verstelbare komponentewordookondersoekenvaraktordiodesblykdiemeesgeskikteverstelbarekomponentwathuidig beskikbaarisinhierdieband. Tweefilters,eenaandiehoëkanteneenaandielaekantvandieband,isontwerp en gebou, beide met varaktor diodes. Hierdie filters het wye verstelbare bereik, maar dit is steeds moeilik om verliesetebeperkmetdiehuidigetegnologie. iii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements Iwouldliketothankthefollowingpeopleandinstitutionsfortheircontributionstothisproject: • Prof. P.MeyerandDr. D.deVilliersfortheirhelpandencouragement. • WesselCroukampforbuildingmyfiltersandforhisfriendlyhelp. • GrintekEwationforfundingthisproject. • TheUniversityofStellenboschforusageoftheirfacilities. • Mygirlfriend,Caroline,forhersupportandmotivation. • Myfamily,fortheirsupportandprayers. • DavidPrinsloo,ShamimOmar,DavidSmithandTheunisBeukmanfortheirsupportandadvice. iv Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Table of Contents Declaration i Abstract ii Uittreksel iii TableofContents v ListofFigures viii ListofTables xi ListofAcronyms xii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Filterrequirementsforsoftwaredefinedradio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Literatureoverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 ObjectivesandSpecifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 Thesislayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 CoupledResonatorFilterTheory 8 2.1 ModernFilterSynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.1 IdealImpedanceandAdmittanceInverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.2 Invertersinalowpassprototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.1.3 Bandpasstransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Resonators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 Inter-resonatorCoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4 Inputandoutputcoupling(Q ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 e 2.5 CRFilterDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.6 Designingfortunability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.6.1 Constantrelativebandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.6.2 Constantabsolutebandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 v Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za TABLEOFCONTENTS vi 3 FilterImplementationforTunability 19 3.1 Tunableresonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.1.1 ParallelLCtank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.1.2 Short-circuitedtransmissionlineloadedwithacapacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.1.3 Parallel-seriesLCresonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2 Implementationofinverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.2.1 Capacitorpi-network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2.2 Inductorpi-network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2.3 CapacitorandInductorpi-network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.4 Parallelcoupledtransmissionlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.3 Couplingtunedresonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.1 Capacitorpi-networkcoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3.2 Inductor-Capacitorpi-networkcoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3.3 Parallelcoupledtransmissionlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 Couplingtosourceandload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4 Non-idealcomponents 37 4.1 Lumpedelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.2 Transmissionlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.3 Componentsfordiscretetuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.3.1 PINdiodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.3.2 RFsemiconductorswitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.3.3 RFMEMSswitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.4 Componentsforcontinuoustuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.4.1 Varactordiodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.4.2 YIGcrystalresonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.4.3 RFMEMSvaractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5 Filterdesign 47 5.1 Prototypeswithsharpcut-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.1.1 Ellipticprototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.1.2 Chebyshevprototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.2 Minimisinginsertionloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.2.1 UnloadedQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.2.2 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.2.3 Filterorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.2.4 Minimizingthelossofvaractorsdiodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.3 Designingbandwidthandorderforcut-offspecification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.4 Lowsidefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.4.1 Filterdesignprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za TABLEOFCONTENTS vii 5.4.2 Implementingthedesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5.4.3 PCBdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.4.4 SimulationsandMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.5 Highsidefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.5.1 Filterdesignprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.5.2 Implementationofinter-resonatorcoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.5.3 SimulationsandMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 6 Conclusionsandrecommendations 70 6.1 Recommendedfilterbankdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.2 Futurework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 A LumpedElementInverterImplementations 73 B Selectedinformationfromdatasheets 75 B.1 Transmissionlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.1.1 Trans-Tech™ceramicresonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B.1.2 Micro-coaxsemi-rigidline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 B.1.3 SRCsemi-rigidlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 B.2 Passivelumpedelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 B.2.1 Coilcraft®Microspring™aircoreinductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 B.2.2 AVXMicrowaveMLCC0G(NP0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 B.3 Varactordiodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 B.3.1 NXPBB179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 B.4 RFswitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 B.4.1 RandantMEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 C Numericalcomputation 83 D Digitalcontrolsystemschematics 84 ListofReferences 88 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za List of Figures 1.1 Theoriginalspectrumandtheshiftedreplicas[1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Allowed and forbidden sampling rates for bandpass signals. The shaded regions indicate sample ratesforbandpasssignalsthatwillnotcausealiasing[2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1 Lowpassladderprototypenetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Theinputimpedanceandinputadmittanceofloadedimpedanceandadmittanceinverters . . . . . 9 2.3 Theworkingofaninverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 Coupledresonatorlowpassprototypenetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 Coupledresonatorbandpassprototypewithadmittanceinverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.6 Two-portcouplingwithmutualcapacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.7 Capacitivecouplingbetweentwocapacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.8 CoupledparallelLCresonatorscoupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.9 Frequencyresponseofthecircuitinfigure2.8fordifferentcouplingcoefficientvalues . . . . . . 15 2.10 FrequencyresponseshowingtheeffectofdifferentexternalQvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.11 CRbandpassprototypeusingadmittanceinverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1 Susceptanceofthecapacitor,ω C,andnegativeofthetransmissionlinesusceptance,−Y cot(ω T)/ω . 0 0 0 0 Thecircuitresonatesattheintersectionpointofthetwocurves,whichrepresentzerosusceptance. 21 3.2 LCcircuitwithparallelandseriesresonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.3 Theadmittanceofaparallel-series-typeresonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4 Pi-networkofadmittances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.5 Capacitorpi-networkinverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.6 Comparisonbetweenanidealinverter,acapacitor-piinverterandinductor-piinverter . . . . . . . 24 3.7 Inductorpi-networkinverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.8 CLCpi-network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.9 Comparisonofinductorandinductor-capacitorpi-networkinverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.10 Parallelcoupledtransmissionlinesandequivalentcircuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.11 Tworesonatorscoupledwithparalleltransmissionlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.12 Comparisonofparallelcoupledshort-circuitedstubswithdifferentelectricallengths . . . . . . . 28 3.13 LCresonatorscoupledwithcapacitorpi-network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.14 Shortcircuitedtransmissionlinescoupledwithcapacitorpi-network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 viii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za LISTOFFIGURES ix 3.15 Frequency dependence of coupling between short-circuited transmission lines with capacitor pi- networkintherange π ≤θ ≤ π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6 0 2 3.16 LCresonatorscoupledwithinductor-capacitorpi-network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.17 Shortcircuitedtransmissionlinecoupledwithinductor-capacitorpi-network . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.18 Frequencydependenceofcouplingbetweenshort-circuitedtransmissionlineswithinductor-capacitor pi-networkintherange π ≤θ ≤ π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6 0 2 3.19 Parallelcoupledshortcircuitedtransmissionlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.20 Couplingcoefficientbetweentworesonatorsofacomblinefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.21 Seriesandparallelequivalentimpedancetransformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.22 ImpedancetransformercoupledtoLC-resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.1 Tunableresonatorthatcanbeadjustedtofourdiscreteresonantfrequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2 SeriesresistancevsforwardcurrentforSkyworksSMP1322PINdiode(measuredat100MHz) . 40 4.3 Single-polePINdiodeswitchesin(a)seriesconfigurationand(b)shuntconfiguration . . . . . . . 41 4.4 Single-pole,triplethrow,PINdiodecompoundswitchwithdiodesintheRFpath(seriesconfigur- ation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.5 MEMS series switch configurations, broadside with (a) one electrode, (b) two electrodes, and (c) anin-lineswitch[3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.6 Typicalvoltage-capacitancecurvesforvaractordiodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.7 Seriesresistancevs. biasingvoltageoftheM/A-COMMA4ST1300Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.8 MEMSshuntswitchtoimplementvariablecapacitor[4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5.1 Exampleofcircuitwithmanycrosscouplingpaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.2 Tripletandquadrupletcouplingconfigurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.3 EllipticfilterimplementedwithaquadrupletandcomparedwithafourthorderChebyshevfilter . 48 5.4 ComparisonoflosslessresponseandfilterswithfiniteQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 u 5.5 Effectofbandwidthonpassbandloss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.6 Comparisonoftheinsertionlossatthecentrefrequencyoffilterswithdifferentorder . . . . . . . 51 5.7 Maximumabsolutebandwidthtomeetspecifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.8 RequiredunloadedresonatorQtomeetinsertionlossspecificationwhenusingthemaximumband- width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.9 Fourthorderfilterprototypewithinductor-capacitorpi-networkinvertersandLCresonators . . . 53 5.10 Capacitortuningcurves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.11 Varactorbiasingcircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.12 MeasuredanddatasheetcapacitanceofBB201varactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.13 Improvementoffilterresponseafteraddingviasingroundplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.14 Photoofthefilter,scale1:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.15 MWOcircuitsimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.16 Measurementsandsimulatedresultsforfiltertunedto f =23MHz, f =39MHzand f =54MHz 60 0 0 0 5.17 Effectofdifferentfilterorderonpassbandinsertionloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.18 SingleresonatorassimulatedinAWR®MicrowaveOffice®(MWO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.19 Resonatorcapacitortuningcurves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

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single filter, but may be comprised of a filter bank which enables switching 2 Coupled Resonator Filter Theory. 8 . 4.4.2 YIG crystal resonator .
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