Electronic Spectroscopy of Open‐Chain and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations in Neon Matrices Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von ÁDÁM NAGY aus Miskolc (Ungarn) Basel, 2012 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel auf Antrag der Herren Prof. Dr. John P. Maier Dissertationsführer Prof. Dr. Markus Meuwly Korreferent Basel, den 26. Juni 2012 Prof. Dr. Martin Spiess Dekan Electronic Spectroscopy of Open‐Chain and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations in Neon Matrices Inauguraldissertation ÁDÁM NAGY Basel, 2012 “There was always a minority afraid of something, and a great majority afraid of the dark, afraid of the future afraid of the past, afraid of the present, afraid of themselves and shadows of themselves.” Ray Bradbury (1920–2012), The Martian Chronicles Dedicated to my mother ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis effort presents results of the work carried out by me at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Basel between January 2007 and March 2012. I wish to express my sincerest thanks to all the people who helped accomplish it: Prof. John Maier for initiating and supervising my work in his research group. The excellent instrumentation provided, his advices and continuous support are all highly acknowledged. Prof. Markus Meuwly for courteously agreeing to act as the co‐referee of this dissertation and for his general interest in my research progress, as well as Prof. Thomas Pfohl for taking the responsibility of chairing my defense. Dr. Iryna Garkusha for sharing with me complete trust at work for so many years, and giving me all possible backing at it while tolerating my tempe‐ rament. Дуже дякую! Prof. Jan Fulara is thanked also here for his noticeable suggestions as well as extensive manual help with experiments, calculations and publishing. Many group and department members, former and present, for creating a nice atmosphere to work and, from time to time, regenerate in. Besides the countless discussions we had on both science and life, remembered for sure will be the Engadine, our bowling sessions, the annual piggy eatings and the Silver Star rides. I am particularly grateful to Dr. Corey Rice for endless explanations, ever useful hints and tireless proofreading of this and other writings of mine; Dr. Ivan Shnitko (†) for teaching me crucial basics of matrix isolation and for the good times we had; PD Dr. Marek Tulej, Dr. Evan Jochnowitz and Dr. Alexey Denisov for giving me inspiring influences on spectroscopy and support; and Dr. Anton Batalov and several other, to me unknown ex‐members of the matrix crew for defining a solid, easy‐to‐ build‐on backbone to the ‘old’ apparatus. Thanks a lot to all of you! The technical staff—including the mechanical workshop (Dieter Wild, Grischa Martin, Franz Haefeli, Yannick Schmidli and Volkan Demir) for machining essential lab elements; George Holderied for constructing complex, sophisticated electronic equipments; Jacques Lecoultre for synthe‐ sizing exotic substances and trying to keep a chemistʹs order in the physicistsʹ chaos; Urs Buser for software; Ruth Pfatzenberger for her graphical help with vii viii Acknowledgments the group website; Dr. Anatoly Johnson for program modifications; Jean‐ Pierre Ramseyer for sample pellets and building maintenance; and the secretary office (Esther Stalder, Daniela Tischhauser and Maya Greuter) for guiding me through administrative matters. Merci vielmools an Alle! Although the magnetron project did not quite come through, I appreciate all the efforts of Dr. Wilko Westhäuser and Prof. Gerd Ganteför at the University of Konstanz in that direction. Prof. John Stanton at the University of Texas for a computational collaboration. The University of Basel, the City of Basel and the Swiss National Science Foundation for the ‘sponsorship’ of my studies and research. Gyöngyi Endrész, Pál Veres and Iván Vass from the Földes Ferenc High School for being the greatest of teachers and launching me on the track with their outstanding passion for chemistry and mathematics. Prof. Attila Császár at the Eötvös Loránd University is acknowledged for his subsequent guidance and understanding. My friends around the Globe for being patient with me and keeping my head above water—I have learnt something from each and every one of you. To name just a few in alphabetical order: Antónia, Corey, Csabber, Csabi, Csongor, Dage, Dóri, Gábor, Gyuri, Ira, Ivan, Levi, Łukasz, Orsi, Pavel, Robi, Szeba, Yavor and Zoli, as well as many of their close friends and other halves. My heartiest thanks go to my family—in particular my mom, sis, grannies, dad and aunt—for everlasting moral support and encouragement. Hálás köszönet Mindannyiótoknak! Finally, I am immeasurably obliged to Larissa for all the strength and loving care she has been giving. Her entire family is also truly thanked. Basel Ádám Nagy December 31, 2012 ABSTRACT Considerable scientific interest has been devoted to the so‐called diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs)—hundreds of absorption features of different strength and width, located in the visible and near infrared, and arising from the interstellar medium, whose origin remains mysterious. It is presumed that these bands are associated with electronic transitions of families of gaseous, carbon‐containing molecules rather than dust grains or ices. This hypothesis has solid observational foun‐ dations and may give rise even to origins‐of‐life speculations. However, an un‐ ambiguous assignment of a DIB to a certain species can be made only upon measurement of its spectrum in the laboratory and a careful comparison with those detected along sight lines toward a variety of stars. Advances in experimental techniques over the last two to three decades have enabled the recording of electronic spectra for a number of such clusters in the gas phase. These employ discharge/ablation ion sources, supersonic expansions and sensible, laser‐based detection schemes. The main problem is, however, to locate the region of absorption first, because even state‐of‐the‐art computational approaches fail to predict reliable excitation energies. Matrix isolation is a suitable method to do this. With it, transient species can be embedded into rare‐gas matrices at low temperatures and investigated comfort‐ ably by (a set of) spectroscopic means such as direct absorption, fluorescence emission or infrared spectroscopy. In the course of this work, a matrix setup that draws on another important expe‐ rimental tool, mass selection, has been re‐built and further developed. Ions are produced in appropriate sources and trapped selectively in detectable amounts in solid neon at 6 K. Scanning over broad spectral ranges with the help of a dispersion spectrograph provides then the basis for high‐resolution surveys in the gas phase. With this apparatus, a number of reactive species, charged and neutral, have been investigated of relevance for astrophysics, as well as from fundamental chemistry aspects in view of the role they may play in combustion environments, ix x Abstract flames or early Earth‐like planetary atmospheres. These include unsaturated car‐ bon chains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives. Specifically, linear HC2n+1H+, classical Hückel arenes such as benzylium, tropylium, benzotropylium, naphthylmethylium and indene‐related structures, planar C H + isomers, as well 6 4 as some more exotic species were studied and are discussed herein. In most cases their vibrationally resolved electronic spectra were obtained for the first time and various chemical processes detected. Simple models such as the particle‐in‐a‐box and the Hückel molecular orbital method, as well as (time‐dependent) density functional calculations were used to describe these and provide an assignment for the observed spectroscopic features. The effectiveness of the approach was also illustrated on the example of H CCC, 2 the first molecule in the nearly a century long history of DIB research for which convincing correlation with astronomical data could be shown. The negligible intermolecular interaction in the condensed phase allowed for excellent pre‐ diction of gas‐phase line positions.
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