Table Of ContentElectronic Properties
of Multilayers
and Low-Dimensional
Semiconductor Structures
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Commmee,
which alms at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Lite Sciences Plenum publishing Corporation
B Physics New York and London
C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London
D Behavioral and Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology PariS, and Tokyo
Recent Volumes In this Series
Volume 227-Dynamics of Polyatomic Van der Waals Complexes
edited by Nadine Halberstadt and Kenneth C. Janda
Volume 228-Hadrons and Hadronic Matter
edited by D. Vautherin, F. Lenz, and J. W. Negele
Volume 229-Geometry and Thermodynamics: Common Problems of
Quasi-Crystals, Liquid Crystals, and Incommensurate Systems
edited by J.-C. Toledano
Volume-230-Quantum Mechanics in Curved Space-Time
edited by JOrgen Audretsch and Venzo de Sabbata
Volume 231-Electronic Properties of Multilayers and
Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures
edited by J. M. Chamberlain, L. Eaves, and J.-C. Portal
Volume 232-New Frontiers in Quantum Electrodynamics and Quantum Optics
edited by A. O. Barut
Volume 233-Radiative Corrections: Results and Perspectives
edited by N. Dombey and F. Boudjema
Volume 234-Constructive Quantum Field Theory II
edited by G. Velo and A. S. Wightman
Series B: Physics
Electronic Properties
of Multilayers
and Low-Dimensional
Semiconductor Structures
Edited by
J. M. Chamberlain and L. Eaves
Nottingham University
Nottingham, United Kingdom
and
J .-C. Portal
CNRS-INSA
Toulouse, France
and CNRS-SNCI
Grenoble, France
Plenum Press
New York and London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Electronic Properties of Multilayers and
Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures,
held September 11-22,1989,
at ChAteau de Bonas, Castera-Verduzan, France
Library of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electronic Properties of Multilayers
and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures (1989 Castera
-Verduzan, France)
Electronic properties of multi layers and low-dimensional
semiconductor structures I edited by J,M. Chamberlain and L. Eaves
and J.C. Portal.
p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; vol. 231)
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electronic
Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor
Structures, held Sept. 11-22, 1989 in Castera-Verduzan, France.
"Publ ished in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7414-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7412-1
DOr: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7412-1
1. Semiconductors--Congresses. 2. Layer structure (Solids)
-Congresses. 3. Tunneling (Physics)--Congresses. 4. Superlattices
as materials--Congresses. I. Chamberlain, J. M. II. Eaves, L.
III. Portal, J. C. IV. Title. V. Series, NATO ASI series. Series
B, Ph Ys ic s ; v. 231.
QC610.9.N3644 1989
537.6'226--dc20 90-44242
CIP
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1990
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Honorary Chair
Leo Esaki
(IBM, Yorktown Heights, USA)
Co-Directors
Laurence Eaves Jean-Claude Portal
University of Nottingham CNRS-INSA, Toulouse
United Kingdom & CNRS-SNCI, Grenoble, France
Secretary
Martyn Chamberlain
University of Nottingham
United Kingdom
Treasurer
Peter Main
University of Nottingham
United Kingdom
DANIEL PAQUET
[Photo. courtesy of Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications]
DEDICATION
This volume is dedicated to the memory of
Daniel PaQyet
Our colleague Daniel Paquet died suddenly on August 13 1989 after a heart attack, whilst on a
mountain walk.
In the course of his scientific career, so abruptly interrupted, he made original contributions on
difficult theoretical problems and had thus acquired a wide renown in many areas of solid state
phy~ics. Initially, his interest was centred on metal-insulator phase transitions in magnetic
materials and on the effect of disorder in alloy semiconductors. More recently, he worked on
different aspects of semiconductor superlattice properties: lattice dynamics, ab initio calcula
tions of electronic band structures, Fibonacci stackings and the electronic properties in magnetic
fields. The properties of electrons in superlattices in the presence of a magnetic field was the
subject on which Daniel Paquet had been invited to speak at this Advanced Study Institute.
His broad understanding and his deep interest in the work of his colleagues rendered him an
invaluable partner for discussions and collaborations. He would always contribute with his
innovative insight and would invariably throw a new light on the subject. The courses he taught
and the seminars he gave were a testimony to his love for communicating and sharing his
knowledge as well as his passion for research. They were full of humour, as those who heard him
lecture on the complex prohlem of Fibonacci stackings, can remember.
We share the sorrow of his family and of all people who had become his friends in the course of
professional contacts. It is the wish of the organisers, lecturers and participants to dedicate the
Proceedings of this Advanced Study Institute to the memory of Daniel Paquet.
vii
PREFACE
This Advanced Study Institute on the Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low Dimensional
Semiconductor Structures focussed on several of the most active areas in modern semiconductor
physics. These included resonant tunnelling and superlattice phenomena and the topics of
ballistic transport, quantised conductance and anomalous magnetoresistance effects in laterally
gated two-dimensional electron systems. Although the main emphasis was on fundamental
physics, a series of supporting lectures described the underlying technology (Molecular Beam
Epitaxy, Metallo-Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition, Electron Beam Lithography and other
advanced processing technologies). Actual and potential applications of low dimensional
structures in optoelectronic and high frequency devices were also discussed.
The ASI took the form of a series of lectures of about fifty minutes' duration which were given by
senior researchers from a wide range of countries. Most of the lectures are recorded in these
Proceedings. The younger members of the Institute made the predominant contribution to the
discussion sessions following each lecture and, in addition, provided most of the fifty-five papers
that were presented in two lively poster sessions.
The ASl emphasised the impressive way in which this research field has developed through the
fruitful interaction of theory, experiment and semiconductor device technology. Many of the talks
demonstrated both the effectiveness and limitations of semiclassical concepts in describing the
quantum phenomena exhibited by electrons in low dimensional structures.
The meeting took place over a period of two weeks in the tranquil surroundings of the Chateau de
Bonas, near the town of Castera-Verduzan in south-west France. Just over one hundred
participants, from all of the NATO countries, attended. The organisers wish to acknowledge the
strong support given to the ASl by Nobel Laureates Professor Leo Esaki and Professor Klaus von
Klitzing, both of whom gave review lectures on the subjects that they have done so much to
develop. Professor Esaki also acted as the Honorary Chairman of the ASI.
The Organisers wish to express their sincere thanks to the speakers for contributing the papers to
this volume, and to the workbook which proved so valuable at the meeting itself. It is hoped that
this Proceedings will provide a useful reference work for researchers in this field.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Organisers wish to acknowledge the following Meeting Sponsors: their generous help enabled
a large number of graduate students to attend and a wide programme of talks to be presented:
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Air-Inter -French Domestic Airways
Centre National d'Etudes des Teluommunications (France-Teluom)
Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Toulouse
Conseil Regional, Region Midi-Pyrenees
Delegation Generale pour I'Armement, Direction des Recherches Etudes et Techniques
ISA-RIDER S.A. (France)
Minist~re de I 'Education NationaIe de la Jeunesse et des Sports
(Direction de la Recherche et des Etudes Doctorales)
National Science Foundation (USA)
SNCF -French Railways
Technopole de I'Agglomeration Toulousaine
Thomson S.A. (France)
In addition, the Organisers wish to thank the following who have assisted with the ASI
organisation and the preparation of this Proceedings: Margaret Carter, Edmund and Ralph
Chamberlain, Terry Davies, Laurence Kirk and Helen Smith. The great efficiency and co
operation of Colonel Stockmann and hi& staff at the Chateau de Bonas was also greatly
appreciated.
x
CONTENTS
The Evolution of Semiconductor Quantum Structures in
Reduced Dimensionality - Do-it-Yourself Quantum
Mechanics .................1
L. Esaki
The Quantum Hall Effect and Related Problems ....................... 25
K. von Klitzing
High Magnetic Fields and Low Dimensional Structures:
A Survey of Transport and Optical Effects ..................... 33
G. Landwehr
Transmission, Reflection and the Resistance of
Small Conductors .................................. 51
M. Buttiker
Semi.-Classical Theory of Magnetoresistance Anomalies
In Ballistic Multi-Probe Conductors .......................... 75
C. W. J. Beenakker and H. van Houten
Electron-Boundary Scattering in Quantum Wires ....................... 95
M. L. Roukes, T. J. Thornton, A. Scherer and
B. P. Van der Gaag
Vertical Transport, Tunnelling Cyclotron Resonance,
and Saturated Mini-Band Transport in
Semiconductor Superlattices ................................ 117
S. J. Allen Jr., R. Bhat, G. Brozak,
E. A. Andrada e Silva, F. DeRosa,
L. T. Florez, P. Grabbe, J. P. Harbison,
D. M. Hwang, M. Koza, P. F. Miceli,
S. A. Schwarz, L. J. Sham and M. C. Tamargo
Magnetoquantum Oscillations in a Lateral Superlattice ............... 133
D. Weiss
Techniques for Lateral Superlattices ............................. 151
D. Heitmann
xi
