Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures PDF
Preview Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures
Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Commmee, which alms at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Lite Sciences Plenum publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London D Behavioral and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology PariS, and Tokyo Recent Volumes In this Series Volume 227-Dynamics of Polyatomic Van der Waals Complexes edited by Nadine Halberstadt and Kenneth C. Janda Volume 228-Hadrons and Hadronic Matter edited by D. Vautherin, F. Lenz, and J. W. Negele Volume 229-Geometry and Thermodynamics: Common Problems of Quasi-Crystals, Liquid Crystals, and Incommensurate Systems edited by J.-C. Toledano Volume-230-Quantum Mechanics in Curved Space-Time edited by JOrgen Audretsch and Venzo de Sabbata Volume 231-Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures edited by J. M. Chamberlain, L. Eaves, and J.-C. Portal Volume 232-New Frontiers in Quantum Electrodynamics and Quantum Optics edited by A. O. Barut Volume 233-Radiative Corrections: Results and Perspectives edited by N. Dombey and F. Boudjema Volume 234-Constructive Quantum Field Theory II edited by G. Velo and A. S. Wightman Series B: Physics Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures Edited by J. M. Chamberlain and L. Eaves Nottingham University Nottingham, United Kingdom and J .-C. Portal CNRS-INSA Toulouse, France and CNRS-SNCI Grenoble, France Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures, held September 11-22,1989, at ChAteau de Bonas, Castera-Verduzan, France Library of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures (1989 Castera -Verduzan, France) Electronic properties of multi layers and low-dimensional semiconductor structures I edited by J,M. Chamberlain and L. Eaves and J.C. Portal. p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; vol. 231) Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures, held Sept. 11-22, 1989 in Castera-Verduzan, France. "Publ ished in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7414-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7412-1 DOr: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7412-1 1. Semiconductors--Congresses. 2. Layer structure (Solids) -Congresses. 3. Tunneling (Physics)--Congresses. 4. Superlattices as materials--Congresses. I. Chamberlain, J. M. II. Eaves, L. III. Portal, J. C. IV. Title. V. Series, NATO ASI series. Series B, Ph Ys ic s ; v. 231. QC610.9.N3644 1989 537.6'226--dc20 90-44242 CIP © 1990 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1990 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher ORGANISING COMMITTEE Honorary Chair Leo Esaki (IBM, Yorktown Heights, USA) Co-Directors Laurence Eaves Jean-Claude Portal University of Nottingham CNRS-INSA, Toulouse United Kingdom & CNRS-SNCI, Grenoble, France Secretary Martyn Chamberlain University of Nottingham United Kingdom Treasurer Peter Main University of Nottingham United Kingdom DANIEL PAQUET [Photo. courtesy of Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications] DEDICATION This volume is dedicated to the memory of Daniel PaQyet Our colleague Daniel Paquet died suddenly on August 13 1989 after a heart attack, whilst on a mountain walk. In the course of his scientific career, so abruptly interrupted, he made original contributions on difficult theoretical problems and had thus acquired a wide renown in many areas of solid state phy~ics. Initially, his interest was centred on metal-insulator phase transitions in magnetic materials and on the effect of disorder in alloy semiconductors. More recently, he worked on different aspects of semiconductor superlattice properties: lattice dynamics, ab initio calcula tions of electronic band structures, Fibonacci stackings and the electronic properties in magnetic fields. The properties of electrons in superlattices in the presence of a magnetic field was the subject on which Daniel Paquet had been invited to speak at this Advanced Study Institute. His broad understanding and his deep interest in the work of his colleagues rendered him an invaluable partner for discussions and collaborations. He would always contribute with his innovative insight and would invariably throw a new light on the subject. The courses he taught and the seminars he gave were a testimony to his love for communicating and sharing his knowledge as well as his passion for research. They were full of humour, as those who heard him lecture on the complex prohlem of Fibonacci stackings, can remember. We share the sorrow of his family and of all people who had become his friends in the course of professional contacts. It is the wish of the organisers, lecturers and participants to dedicate the Proceedings of this Advanced Study Institute to the memory of Daniel Paquet. vii PREFACE This Advanced Study Institute on the Electronic Properties of Multilayers and Low Dimensional Semiconductor Structures focussed on several of the most active areas in modern semiconductor physics. These included resonant tunnelling and superlattice phenomena and the topics of ballistic transport, quantised conductance and anomalous magnetoresistance effects in laterally gated two-dimensional electron systems. Although the main emphasis was on fundamental physics, a series of supporting lectures described the underlying technology (Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Metallo-Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition, Electron Beam Lithography and other advanced processing technologies). Actual and potential applications of low dimensional structures in optoelectronic and high frequency devices were also discussed. The ASI took the form of a series of lectures of about fifty minutes' duration which were given by senior researchers from a wide range of countries. Most of the lectures are recorded in these Proceedings. The younger members of the Institute made the predominant contribution to the discussion sessions following each lecture and, in addition, provided most of the fifty-five papers that were presented in two lively poster sessions. The ASl emphasised the impressive way in which this research field has developed through the fruitful interaction of theory, experiment and semiconductor device technology. Many of the talks demonstrated both the effectiveness and limitations of semiclassical concepts in describing the quantum phenomena exhibited by electrons in low dimensional structures. The meeting took place over a period of two weeks in the tranquil surroundings of the Chateau de Bonas, near the town of Castera-Verduzan in south-west France. Just over one hundred participants, from all of the NATO countries, attended. The organisers wish to acknowledge the strong support given to the ASl by Nobel Laureates Professor Leo Esaki and Professor Klaus von Klitzing, both of whom gave review lectures on the subjects that they have done so much to develop. Professor Esaki also acted as the Honorary Chairman of the ASI. The Organisers wish to express their sincere thanks to the speakers for contributing the papers to this volume, and to the workbook which proved so valuable at the meeting itself. It is hoped that this Proceedings will provide a useful reference work for researchers in this field. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Organisers wish to acknowledge the following Meeting Sponsors: their generous help enabled a large number of graduate students to attend and a wide programme of talks to be presented: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Air-Inter -French Domestic Airways Centre National d'Etudes des Teluommunications (France-Teluom) Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Toulouse Conseil Regional, Region Midi-Pyrenees Delegation Generale pour I'Armement, Direction des Recherches Etudes et Techniques ISA-RIDER S.A. (France) Minist~re de I 'Education NationaIe de la Jeunesse et des Sports (Direction de la Recherche et des Etudes Doctorales) National Science Foundation (USA) SNCF -French Railways Technopole de I'Agglomeration Toulousaine Thomson S.A. (France) In addition, the Organisers wish to thank the following who have assisted with the ASI organisation and the preparation of this Proceedings: Margaret Carter, Edmund and Ralph Chamberlain, Terry Davies, Laurence Kirk and Helen Smith. The great efficiency and co operation of Colonel Stockmann and hi& staff at the Chateau de Bonas was also greatly appreciated. x CONTENTS The Evolution of Semiconductor Quantum Structures in Reduced Dimensionality - Do-it-Yourself Quantum Mechanics .................1 L. Esaki The Quantum Hall Effect and Related Problems ....................... 25 K. von Klitzing High Magnetic Fields and Low Dimensional Structures: A Survey of Transport and Optical Effects ..................... 33 G. Landwehr Transmission, Reflection and the Resistance of Small Conductors .................................. 51 M. Buttiker Semi.-Classical Theory of Magnetoresistance Anomalies In Ballistic Multi-Probe Conductors .......................... 75 C. W. J. Beenakker and H. van Houten Electron-Boundary Scattering in Quantum Wires ....................... 95 M. L. Roukes, T. J. Thornton, A. Scherer and B. P. Van der Gaag Vertical Transport, Tunnelling Cyclotron Resonance, and Saturated Mini-Band Transport in Semiconductor Superlattices ................................ 117 S. J. Allen Jr., R. Bhat, G. Brozak, E. A. Andrada e Silva, F. DeRosa, L. T. Florez, P. Grabbe, J. P. Harbison, D. M. Hwang, M. Koza, P. F. Miceli, S. A. Schwarz, L. J. Sham and M. C. Tamargo Magnetoquantum Oscillations in a Lateral Superlattice ............... 133 D. Weiss Techniques for Lateral Superlattices ............................. 151 D. Heitmann xi
The list of books you might like
