Electronic Devices for Analog Signal Processing

264 Pages·2012·3.12 MB·English

by  Yu. K. Rybin (auth.)

Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics 33
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Yu. K. Rybin
Electronic Devices for
Analog Signal Processing
123
Yu.K.Rybin
TomskPolytechnicUniversity
ElectroPhysicalDepartment
Leninstreet30
634050Tomsk
Russia
[email protected]
ISSN1437-0387
ISBN978-94-007-2204-0 e-ISBN978-94-007-2205-7
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-2205-7
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011940132
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Abstract
This book deals with modern devices for analog signal processing. A particular
attentionispaidtothemainelementofsuchdevices:integraloperationalamplifiers
(op-amps) and electronic devices based on them, including scaling, summing,
integrating,andfilteringlineardevices.Theprinciplesofconstructionofnonlinear
devicesin op-ampsarepresentedalongwith variouscircuitsolutionsforlimiting,
rectification,andpiecewiselinearconversionofinputsignals.Sinewaveandpulse
oscillatorsareanalyzed.Someexamplesofapplyingthesedevicestoprocessingof
signalsfromresistance,inductive,optical,andtemperaturesensorsarepresented.
This book is intended for engineers and post graduated students, learning the
course“InstrumentMaking”andforadvancedlearningofthecourses“Electronics
part III” and “Electronicsand MicroprocessorHardware,” but is can be also used
by other students and engineers dealing with the design of electronic devices and
systems.
This book has been prepared at the Chair “Computer Measuring Systems and
Metrology”oftheTomskPolytechnicUniversity.
v

Introduction
This book considers electronic devices applied to process analog signals in in-
strument making, automation, measurements, and other branches of technology.
They perform various transformations of electrical signals: scaling, integration,
logarithming,etc.Suchdevicesareconsideredintutorialsonelectronics.Theneed
intheirdeeperstudyiscaused,ontheonehand,bythegreatdemandsofextending
the range of input signals, as well as increasing the accuracy and speed of such
devices,whichusuallyreceiveinsufficientattention.Ontheotherhand,newdevices
arisepermanently,whicharenotconsideredinelectronictutorialsyet,butalready
widelyappliedinpractice.
Chapter 1 concerns the principles of design of modern operational amplifiers
(op-amps). This choice is caused by the fact that an op-amp is now one of the
most popular and versatile semiconductor components of almost any electronic
device. Since the advent of operational amplifiers, their circuits and fabrication
technologyhavebeenpermanentlyimproved.Theeffortsofdeveloperswereaimed
atthedesignandfabricationofdifferentop-amptypeswithvariouscharacteristics.
As a result, the parameters of amplifiers with the traditional structure (voltage-
controlled amplifiers) have been improved and new current-controlled op-amps,
rail-to-rail amplifiers, clamping amplifiers, and specialized amplifiers of sensor
signals appeared. The information about these amplifiers is mostly concentrated
in scientific journals and manufacturers’ materials, but is almost lacking in the
educationalliterature.
Chapter 2 is devoted to the consideration of features of linear and nonlinear
operationswithsignals.Theexperienceinteachingtheelectronicsshowsthatreader
notalwaysareabletodeterminecorrectlythefunctionperformedbyanelectronic
device, fail to select the method for its analysis, and, as a consequence, obtain
mistakenresults.Therefore,thischapterconsiderstheprincipaldifferencesoflinear
andnonlineartransformationsbyinvokingtheconceptsofthespectrumofinputand
convertedsignals.
Chapter 3 presents linear functional devices based on op-amps: inverting,
noninverting,summing,andinstrumentalamplifierswiththenormalizedgain.These
devices are now widely used for the primary processing of measuring, acoustic,
vii
viii Introduction
and video information, where they execute the functions of matching, precision
amplification,couplingwithinformationtransmissionlines,etc.
Chapter 4 is devoted to nonlineardevices. Itconcernsthe generalissues of the
theory of nonlinear devices in op-ampsand the practical circuits of such devices:
comparators,logarithmators,rectifiers,limiters,functionalsignalconverters.
Chapters 5 and 6 consider sine wave and pulse oscillators. The range of
applicability of such oscillators is extremely wide. They are used in devices for
exciting sensors of physical parameters, in meters of frequency characteristics of
amplifiers and filters, in devices for transformation of signal spectra, in clocking
andsynchronizationdevices,etc.Aswasmentionedinbook(HorowitzP.,HillW.
The Art of Electronics. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, England,
1998), a device without generator either is capable of nothing or is designed to
beconnectedtootherdevice(which,mostprobably,includesagenerator).Despite
this, such devices receive insufficient attention in the educational literature. Their
considerationisoftenfragmentaryanddoesnotfavortheunderstandingofprocesses
occurringin them. Chapter 5 considers sine wave oscillators and the main known
approachestotheanalysisoftheprocessesofself-oscillationexcitationandsettling
inthem.Inparticular,theanalysisbythemethodofcomplexamplitudes,themethod
of differential equations, the method of phase plane, and the two port method is
discussed. The preferableareas of applicationof these methodsare demonstrated.
Thewell-knownamplitudeandphasebalanceconditionsarecriticized.Chapter6is
devotedtopulseoscillators.Itiswell-knownthatpulsedsignalsandtheirderivatives
havesomefeatures:partswithfastandslowchange,widespectrum.Pulsedsignals
are generated by specific oscillating systems, for which the general conditions of
self-oscillationexcitationareobtained.
Chapter 7 is devotedto the considerationof practicalcircuits forprocessingof
signals from sensors of physical parameters: resistance, inductive, semiconductor
sensorsandcouplingofsensorswithelectronicdevices.
This book is organizednontraditionally.Its main goalis notonly to give some
knowledge on modern electronic devices, but also to inspire students to the more
detailedstudyofthesedevices,understandingoftheiroperation,abilitytoanalyze
circuits,synthesizenewdevices,andassessthepossibilitiesoftheirapplicationfor
solutionofparticularpracticalproblems.
As was already mentioned, the course is divided into seven chapters. Each
chapter includes the theoretical material, questions, and tests to check how the
studentshavelearnedthetheoreticalmaterialintheprocessofindependentcognitive
work,aswellashowreadyheorsheistopracticalandlaboratoryworks.Themost
difficultquestionsaremarkedbyasterisk(cid:2) andcanbegiventoadvancedreaders.
Paragraphswayofwritingbyitalicsareveryimportantfortheunderstandingof
thestudiedmaterialandtogethertheycanserveabriefsummaryofasection.The
textmarkedbyitalicindicatesnewornon-traditionalconcepts.Calculatedexamples
areindicatedby(cid:2).
Contents
1 ModernOperationalAmplifiers............................................ 1
1.1 Introduction............................................................ 1
1.2 ApplicationofOperationalAmplifiers ............................... 2
1.3 AmplifierswithPotentialInput....................................... 3
1.4 ElectricalModelsofOperationalAmplifiers......................... 8
1.5 AnalysisoftheEffectofSignalSourceandLoad ................... 13
1.6 AmplifierswithCurrentInput......................................... 14
1.7 AmplifierswithCurrentOutput....................................... 19
1.8 Current-DifferencingAmplifiers...................................... 24
1.9 Rail-to-RailAmplifiers................................................ 26
1.10 InstrumentalAmplifiers............................................... 27
1.11 ClampingAmplifiers .................................................. 27
1.12 IsolationAmplifiers ................................................... 28
1.13 Conclusions............................................................ 29
References..................................................................... 33
2 FunctionalTransformationsofSignals.................................... 35
2.1 Introduction............................................................ 35
2.2 LinearTransformationsofSignals.................................... 36
2.3 NonlinearTransformationsofSignals................................ 40
2.4 Conclusions............................................................ 42
References..................................................................... 44
3 LinearFunctionalUnitsinOperationalAmplifiers...................... 45
3.1 Introduction ........................................................... 45
3.2 GeneralCircuitDesignsofLinearDevices........................... 45
3.3 Scalers.................................................................. 49
3.3.1 InvertingAmplifiers........................................... 49
3.3.2 NoninvertingAmplifier ....................................... 53
3.3.3 AmplifiersBasedonInvertingandNoninvertingAmplifiers 54
3.4 IntegratingAmplifiers................................................. 60
3.4.1 InvertingIntegratingAmplifiers.............................. 60
ix
x Contents
3.4.2 NoninvertingIntegratingAmplifier........................... 64
3.4.3 IntegratingAmplifierwithTwoInputs....................... 65
3.4.4 DoubleIntegratingAmplifier................................. 66
3.5 DifferentiatingAmplifier.............................................. 67
3.6 ActiveFiltersConstructedinOp-amps............................... 69
3.7 Conclusions............................................................ 77
References..................................................................... 80
4 NonlinearDevicesinOp-amps ............................................. 81
4.1 Introduction............................................................ 81
4.2 VoltageComparator ................................................... 83
4.3 LogarithmicAmplifier................................................. 84
4.4 OperationalRectifiers ................................................. 90
4.5 Full-WaveOperationalRectifiers..................................... 92
4.6 VoltageLimitersandOverloadProtectionCircuits.................. 99
4.7 Op-ampFunctionGenerators ......................................... 103
4.8 Conclusions............................................................ 108
References..................................................................... 110
5 SineWaveOscillators........................................................ 111
5.1 Introduction............................................................ 111
5.2 OscillatoryProcesses.................................................. 118
5.2.1 AnalysisbytheMethodofPhasePlane...................... 118
5.2.2 AnalysisbytheMethodofComplexAmplitudes ........... 123
5.2.3 AnalysisbytheMethodofDifferentialEquations........... 126
5.2.4 AnalysisbytheTwo-PortNetworkMethod ................. 130
5.3 FeaturesofOscillatingSystems....................................... 133
5.4 RCSine-WaveOscillators............................................. 134
5.4.1 PrinciplesoftheTheoryofRCOscillators................... 134
5.4.2 TheOscillationAmplitudeStabilizationand
NonlinearDistortions ......................................... 141
5.5 LCSineWaveOscillators............................................. 148
5.5.1 Transformer-CoupledLCOscillators......................... 148
5.5.2 Three-PointOscillators........................................ 152
5.6 QuartzOscillators...................................................... 154
5.7 NegativeResistanceOscillators....................................... 155
5.8 SynthesisofOscillatingSystemsofRCOscillators ................. 160
5.9 Conclusions............................................................ 167
References..................................................................... 172
6 PulseOscillators.............................................................. 173
6.1 Introduction............................................................ 173
6.2 SelectedIssuesofTheoryofPulseOscillators....................... 174
6.2.1 TheConditionsforExcitationofPulsedOscillations ....... 176
6.3 Op-ampPulseOscillators ............................................. 184
6.4 PossibleCircuitsofOp-ampOscillators.............................. 194