Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Systems for Biomedical Applications: Challenges and Intelligent Approach PDF
Preview Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Systems for Biomedical Applications: Challenges and Intelligent Approach
Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Systems for Biomedical Applications Challenges and Intelligent Approach Edited by Suman Lata Tripathi Valentina E. Balas S.K. Mohapatra Kolla Bhanu Prakash Janmenjoy Nayak AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-323-85172-5 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitour websiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MaraConner AcquisitionsEditor:FionaGeraghty EditorialProjectManager:RachelPomery ProductionProjectManager:PrasannaKalyanaraman CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contributors J. Ajayan SNS College ofTechnology,Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India S.S. Ashraf School ofEngineering SciencesandTechnology,JamiaHamdard, New Delhi, India NeetaAwasthy GLB Group ofInstitutions, Noida, UP, India SandipBag DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,JISCollegeofEngineering,Kalyani,WestBengal,India S. Baskaran S.K.P EngineeringCollege, Tiruvannamalai,Tamil Nadu, India Soumyadeepa Bhaumik HeritageInstituteofTechnology,India ShilpiBirla ManipalUniversity,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India Preethika Immaculate Britto DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering(Woman),KingFaisalUniversity, SaudiArabia AvikChakraborty ECE Department,Jalpaiguri GovernmentEngineeringCollege, Jalpaiguri, WestBengal, India Joy Chowdhury ECE Department,NIT,Rourkela,Odisha, India J.K. Das SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Sourav Das SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India AnanyaDastidar Department of Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering, College ofEngineeringand Technology,Bhubaneswar,Odisha, India Ningthoujam Dinita Devi RadiationOncology and Radiotherapy, RIMS, Imphal, Manipur,India PijushDutta Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Global Institute ofManagement and Technology,Krishnagar,WestBengal, India Souvik Ganguli DepartmentofElectricalandInstrumentationEngineering,ThaparInstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Patiala,Punjab,India xxi xxii Contributors Karabi Ganguly DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,JISCollegeofEngineering,Kalyani,WestBengal,India Anil Kumar Gautam ElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,DepartmentofNorthEasternRegionalInstituteof Science andTechnology Deemed tobe University,Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India Pratik Ghosh SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Vishnuvardhanan Govindaraj Department ofBiomedical Engineering,Kalasalingam Academy ofResearch and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu Saumyadip Hazra DepartmentofElectricalandInstrumentationEngineering,ThaparInstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Patiala, Punjab, India SatyaranjanJena School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT,Deemedto be University, Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Harsimran JitKaur ChitkaraUniversityInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,ChitkaraUniversity,Punjab,India Kakarla Hari Kishore Department ofElectronicsand CommunicationEngineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,Guntur, India P.Rama Krishna Department ofElectronicsand CommunicationEngineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,Guntur, India; AnuragGroup ofInstitutions, Hyderabad, India Rajasree G.Krishnan Department ofChemistry,AmritaSchool ofArts andSciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India Kanak Kumar Electronics Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi,Uttar Pradesh, India Abhimanyu Kumar DepartmentofElectricalandInstrumentationEngineering,ThaparInstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Patiala, Punjab, India AsokKumar Student WelfareDepartment,VidyasagarUniversity,Medinipur,WestBengal, India Raushan Kumar SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Rajesh Kumbhakar SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Suman Lata Tripathi Lovely ProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara, Punjab, India Contributors xxiii Swanirbhar Majumder Information Technology,TripuraUniversity,Agartala, Tripura,India A. Mohanbabu Karpagam College ofEngineering, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Sushanta Kumar Mohapatra SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Pallikonda Rajasekaran Murugan Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KalasalingamAcademy of Researchand Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu V.Nikhila University ofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario, Canada Damodar Panigrahy Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Instituteof Science & Technology,Kattankulathur,Tamil Nadu, India Monika Parmar ChitkaraSchool ofEngineering and Technology, Chitkara University, HimachalPradesh, India Rajesh Kumar Patjoshi NIST,Berhampur,Odisha, India P.K. Patra SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Shobhandeb Paul Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology,Panihati, West Bengal, India T. Poongodi School ofComputing Science and Engineering,Galgotias University,GreaterNoida,Uttar Pradesh,India S. Prithi DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,RajalakshmiEngineeringCollege,Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India G. BoopathiRaja DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,VelalarCollegeofEngineeringand Technology,Erode, Tamil Nadu, India Shasanka SekharRout GIET University,Gunupur,Odisha, India Nirmal Kumar Rout SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Pradeep Kumar Sahu School ofElectrical Engineering, KIIT,Deemed tobe University,Bhubaneswar,Odisha, India xxiv Contributors Sakthivel Sankaran Department ofBiomedical Engineering,Kalasalingam Academy ofResearch and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu A.Santhy Department ofChemistry,AmritaSchool ofArts andSciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India Beena Saraswathyamma Department ofChemistry,AmritaSchool ofArts andSciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India M.Saravanan SNSCollegeof Technology,Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India Arghyadeep Sarkar Department ofElectrical and ComputerEngineering atMcMasterUniversity,Canada Angsuman Sarkar ECE Department, Kalyani GovernmentEngineeringCollege, Kalyani, West Bengal, India Shubham Saxena SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India TripurariSharan ElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,DepartmentofNorthEasternRegionalInstituteof Science andTechnology Deemed tobe University,Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India Aanchal Sharma BundelkhandInstitute ofEngineering and Technology,Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India N.K. Shukla King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia Swati Sikdar DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,JISCollegeofEngineering,Kalyani,WestBengal,India Sinam Ajitkumar Singh Information Technology,Tripura University,Agartala,Tripura, India TejenderSingh School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University,Punjab,India Neha Singh Manipal University,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India Sinam Ashinikumar Singh Electronics & Communication EngineeringDepartment, NERIST,Nirjuli, ArunachalPradesh, India NagavarapuSowmya GIET University, Gunupur,Odisha, India Contributors xxv Tanya Srivastava Department of ComputerScience and Engineering, Thapar InstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Patiala,Punjab,India YashonidhiSrivastava DepartmentofElectricalandInstrumentationEngineering,ThaparInstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Patiala,Punjab,India D. Sumathi SCOPE, VIT-AP University,Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India P. Suresh School ofMechanicalEngineering, Galgotias University,GreaterNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India M. Swathi Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vignana BharathiInstitute of Technology,Hyderabad, India;CMR Institute ofTechnology, Hyderabad,Telangana, India Arunprasath Thiyagarajan Department of BiomedicalEngineering, Kalasalingam Academy ofResearch and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu Suman Lata Tripathi LovelyProfessional University, Phagwara, Punjab,India SahilVirk MentorGraphics Pvt. Ltd., Uttar Pradesh, India RohitYadav SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,KIIT,DeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Preface Changing environmental conditions and the increase in diseases have affected human life to a large extent.Inthiscontext,researchersandindustrypeoplearecontinuouslyworkingtoimprovetheper- formanceofbiomedicaldevicesatadifferentlevel.Electronicdevicesandcircuitsarenowanintegral partofhealthdiagnosisandmonitoringsystems.Also,theincreasingdemandforportabledevicesand wearablesforhealthmonitoringleadstothedemandforultra-low-power,efficientdevices.Lowpower consumptionledtoseveraldesignchallengesattheintegratedcircuit(IC)levelwithvariationsinde- vice structure, material, and connectivity with other supporting biomedical equipment. The present bookwillcovereveryaspectofthebiomedicaldeviceandcircuitchallengestoimprovetheirperfor- manceintermsofpowerconsumption,frequency,noiseimmunity,andICarea,etc.Thebookwillalso explorethe newtechnologies andmaterials embedded with thisbiomedical equipment. This book will help in the design and development of new low-power, high-speed, efficient biomedical devices, circuits, and systems with new technologic solutions. It will develop an under- standing of new materials to improve device performance even with smaller dimensions and lower costs.Thisbookalsodealswiththenewmethodologiestoenhancesystemperformanceandwillpro- videkeyparameterstoexplorethedevicesandcircuitperformancebasedonbiomedicalapplications. The most important thing is to bridge the gap between researchers working on different areas of biomedical devices, circuits, and systems along with artificial intelligence techniques and machine learning methodologies, leading tothe new technologic solutions tohealthcare applications. Theimpactofthistitleistoprovideamajorareaofconcerntodevelopafoundationfortheimple- mentationprocessandtechnologicsolutionsfornewbiomedicaldevices,circuits,andarchitectures.It willbehelpfulforresearchersanddesignerstofindoutkeyparametersforfutureworkinthisarea.The researchers working on biomedical devices and circuits can correlate their work with other require- ments ofsmart,efficient healthcare applications. Key features: • Thebook presents the major design challenges and researchpotential inbiomedical systems. • Thebookrelateshealthcaresystemdesign,industriesworkingonlow-power,efficient,andhighly securedbiomedical electronicdevices, circuits, and systems. • ThewritingstyleofthebookissimpleandcanbeusedbygraduatestudentstoPhDscholarsand researchers. • Thebookpresentsthefundamentalsconceptsofdesignandimplementationsinaninteractiveway using images and photographs for easy and fastunderstanding. • There is a slow andsmoothtransitionof the book fromthe basic concepts tothe advanced biomedical systemsdesigns. • Thebook notonlyfocuses on the basics butalso providesreal-time system designs. • Itwillbehelpfulforresearchersanddesignerstofindoutkeyparametersfortheirfutureworkin the area ofbiomedical instrumentation. xxvii xxviii Preface Chapter organization This book is organized into25chapters. Chapter 1 gives forecasts for the reader to enlighten the upcoming research in electrochemical sensing of pharmaceuticals byexploringthe properties ofvarious carbon-based electrodes. Chapter2dealswithselenium-basedamorphoussemiconductorspropertiesandtheirapplicationin the biomedicalfield. Chapter 3 deals with memories for implantable devices using nanodevices that can be used in biomedical applications where images are captured and analyzed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Chapter 4 presents the analytical model of a gate-engineered dielectric modulated junctionless nanowire transistorto efficiently detect biomolecules electrically andin alabel-free manner. Chapter5discussestheneeds,investigation,andimportanceofGaNbiosensorsfortheearlydiag- nosisofawidevarietyofdiseasestoprovidesignificantreductionsindeathratesasaresultoftimely treatment, which is apresent-day challenge inmanydeveloped countries. Chapter6focusesontheroleofelectrocardiogramsignalforpatientmonitoringsystems,associ- ated artifacts, andfilteringtechniques toremovethese artifacts. Chapter 7 describes the various applications regarding the importance of the prediction of sleep stage scoringbased onthe qualitativemethod along with traditional quantitativemethods. Chapter 8 emphasizes tracking of the device data, patient health using wireless remote sensing techniques, along with an ensemble of various blocks like an operational amplifier and operational transconductance amplifier. Chapter 9 gives an idea about different types of sensor elements, used to detect events, that give data toother electronicdevices,specifically for biomedical applications. Chapter10givesabriefintroductiontodifferentanalog-to-digitalconverter(ADC)anddigital-to- analog converterarchitecturesand parameters with an application for the biomedical field. Chapter11introducesareconfigurablepipelineADCdeliberatedforimplantablesurveillancede- vices for bioimpedanceapplications. Chapter 12 proposes a low-power successive approximation register-analog to digital converter (SAR-ADC) with a high sampling rate and implementation on 45-nm CMOS technology node for biomedicalapplications. Chapter 13 presents an ultra-low-power folded cascode bulk-drivenvoltage to current converter, also called an operational transconductance amplifier, operating in weak inversion or subthreshold region. Chapter14describesthedesignandcomparisonofelectronicfiltersfortheanalysisofmedicalim- ages from EEG, EMG, mammography, etc. Chapter15isafingerprint-basedsystemthatcanentirelyreplacetheusualpaper-basedrecordsand electronic records system by providing recorded patient medical information such as body tempera- ture,respiratory rate, glucose level,andheartrate. Chapter 16 explains the transformation in the healthcare system with telemedicine and robotics technologies that provides a complementary and synergistic approach in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
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