Electronic Devices and Circuits

523 Pages·2010·16.99 MB·english

by  Kishore

Electronic Devices
and Circuits
Dr. K. Lal Kishore
Ph.D, MIEEE, FIETE, MISTE, MISHM.
Registrar and Professor of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad - 500 072.
SSP BS Publications
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Hyderabad -500 095 A. P.
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Copyright © 2008 by publisher
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- 4-4-309, Giriraj Lane, Sultan Bazar,
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ISBN: 81-7800-167-5
CONTENTS
Contents ................................................................................................................ .
Symbols ................................................................................................................. .
BriefH istory ofE lectronics ................................................................................... .
Chapter 1
Electron Dynamics and CRO ............................................................. 1-39
1.1 Electron Dynamics ................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Motion of Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields ............................... 2
1.3 Simple Problems Involving Electric and Magnetic Fields Only .......................... 24
1.4 Principles of CRT ................................................................................................ 26
1.5 Deflection Sensitivity ........................................................................................... 29
1.6 Applications ofCRO ............................................................................................ 36
Summary .............................................................................................................. 36
Objective Type Questions .................................................................................... 37
Essay Type Questions .......................................................................................... 38
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................... 38
Chapter2
Junction Diode Characteristics .................................................... 39-134
2.1 Review of Semiconductor Physics ..................................................................... 40
2.2 Energy Band Structures ....................................................................................... 61
2.3 Conduction in Semiconductors ........................................................................... 62
2.4 Conductivity of an Intrinsic Semiconductor ....................................................... 66
2.5 Donor Type or n-Type Semiconductors ............................................................. 67
2.6 Acceptor Type or p-Type Semiconductors ......................................................... 68
2.7 Ionization Energy ................................................................................................. 68
2.8 Holes and Electrons ............................................................................................. 68
2.9 Mass Action Law ................................................................................................. 70
2.10 Law of Electrical Neutrality ................................................................................. 70
2.11 The Fermi Dirac Function ................................................................................... 75
2.12 Total Current in a Semiconductor ....................................................................... 84
2.13 Einstein Relationship ............................................................................................ 90
2. i 4 Continuity Equation .............................................................................................. 90
2.15 The Hall Effect ..................................................................................................... 92
2.16 Semiconductor Diode Characteristics ................................................................. 96
2.17 The p-n Junction Diode in Reverse Bias ............................................................. 98
2.18 The p-n Junction Diode in Forward Bias ............................................................ 98
2.19 Band Structure of an Open Circuit p-n Junction ................................................ 99
2.20 The Current Components in a p-n Junction Diode ........................................... 102
2.21 Law of the Junction ........................................................................................... 103
2.22 Diode Current equation ...................................................................................... 104
2.23 Volt-Ampere Characteristics of a p-n Junction diode ....................................... 105
2.24 Temperature Dependance ofp-n Junction Diode Characteristics .................... 107
2.25 Space Charge or Transition Capacitance C 108
T
2.26 Diffusion Capacitance, CD 111
2.27 Diode Switching Times ..................................................................................... 113
2.28 Break Down Mechanism ................................................................................... 118
2.29 Zener Diode ........................................................................................................ 119
2.30 The Tunnel Diode ........................................................................... :. . 120
0' •••••••••••••••
2.31 Varactor Diode ....................................................................... .' ........................... 123
Summary ............................................................... :. ........................................... 129
Objective Type Questions .................................................................................. 130
Essay Type Questions ........................................................................................ 13 1
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................. 132
Chapter 3
Rectifiers, Filters and Regulators .............................................. 135-184
3.1 Rectifiers ............................................................................................................ 136
3.2 Half-Wave Rectifier ............................................................................................ 136
3.3 Full Wave Rectifier ( FWR ) .............................................................................. 146
3.4 Bridge Rectifiers ................................................................................................ 150
3.5 Comparison of Rectifier Circuits ....................................................................... 151
3.6 Voltage Doubler Circuit ...................................................................................... 152
3.7 Inductor Filter Circuits ...................................................................................... 152
3.8 Capacitor Filter .................................................................................................. 157
3.9 LC Filter ............................................................................................................. 161
3.10 CLC or 1t Filter ................................................................................................... 165
3.11 Multiple LC Filters ............................................................................................. 169
3.12 Introduction to Regulators ................................................................................. 173
3.13 Terminology ....................................................................................................... 182
Summary ............................................................................................................ 183
Objective Type Questions .................................................................................. 183
Essay Type Questions ........................................................................................ 184
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................. 184
Chapter 4
Transistor Characteristics ........................................................... 185-266
4.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors ( BJT's ) .............................................................. 186
4.2 Transistor Construction ..................................................................................... 190
4.3 The Ebers-Moll Equation ................................................................................... 191
4.4 Types of Transistor Configurations .................................................................. 192
4.5 Convention for Transistors and Diodes ............................................................ 202
4.6 Field Effect Transistor (FET) ........................................................................... 213
4.7 FET Structure .................................................................................................... 215
4.8 FET Operation ................................................................................................... 219
4.9 JFET Volt-Ampere Characteristics .................................................................... 222
4.10 Transfer Characteristics of FET ....................................................................... 224
4.11 FET Small Signal Model .................................................................................... 228
4.12 FET Tree ............................................................................................................ 233
4.13 The Depletion MOSFET .................................................................................... 240
4.14 CMOS Structure (Complementary MOS) ......................................................... 243
4.15 Silicon Controlled Rectifier ................................................................................ 246
4.16 Unijunction Transistor (UJT) ............................................................................. 251
4.17 LED's ................................................................................................................. 255
4.18 Photo Diodes ...................................................................................................... 255
4.19 Photo Transistors .............................................................................................. 256
Summary ............................................................................................................ 257
Objective Type Questions .................................................................................. 258
Essay Type Questions ........................................................................................ 259
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................. 260
Chapter 5
Transistor Biasing and Stabilization .......................................... 261-312
5.1 Transistor Biasing .............................................................................................. 268
5.2 Fixed Bias Circuit or (Base Bias Circuit) .......................................................... 270
5.3 Bias Stability ....................................................................................................... 271
5.4 Thermal Instability ............................................................................................. 271
5.5 Stability Factor'S' for Fixed Bias Circuit ......................................................... 272
5.6 Collector to Base Bias Circuit ............................................................................ 273
5.7 Self Bias or Emitter Bias Circuit ........................................................................ 276
5.8 Stability Factor'S' for Self Bias Circuit.. .......................................................... 277
5.9 Stability Factor S 278
I ....................................................
5.10 Stability Factor S" for Self Bias Circuit ........................................................... 280
5.11 Practical Considerations ..................................................................................... 280
5.12 Bias Compensation ............................................................................................. 281
5.13 Biasing Circuits For Linear Integrated Circuits ................................................. 284
5.14 Thermistor and Sensistor Compensation .......................................................... 285
5.15 Thermal Runaway .............................................................................................. 286
5.16 Stability Factor S" for Self Bias Circuit ........................................................... 292
5.17 FETBiasing ....................................................................... _ ............................. 298
5.18 Basic FET Circuits ............................................................................................. 302
Summary ............................................................................................................ 309
Objective Type Questions .................................................................................. 310
Essay Type Questions ........................................................................................ 310
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................. 311
Chapter 6
Amplifiers ..................................................................................... 313-380
6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 314
6.2 Black Box Theory .............................................................................................. 314
6.3 Transistor Hybrid Model .................................................................................... 318
6.4 Transistor in Common Emitter Configuration ................................................... 318
6.5 Determination of h-Parameters From the Characteristics of a Transistor ....... 319
6.6 Common Collector Configuration ( CC ) .......................................................... 321
6.7 Hybrid Parameter Variations ............................................................................... 322
6.8 Conversion of Parameters From C.B. to C.E ................................................... 323
6.9 Measurement of h-Parameters ........................................................................... 325
6.10 General Amplifier Characteristics ...................................................................... 327
6.11 Analysis of Transistor Amplifier Circuit Using h-Parameters ........................... 330
6.12 Comparison of the CE, CB, CC Configurations ................................................ 334
6.13 Small Signal Analysis of Junction Transistor .................................................... 337
6.14 High Input Resistance Transistor Circuits ........................................................ 354
6.15 Boot Strapped Darlington Circuit ...................................................................... 358
6.16 The Cascode Transistor Configuration ............................................................. 361
6.17 The JFET Low frequency Equivalent Circuits .................................................. 365
6.18 Comparison of FET and BJT Characteristics ................................................... 369
6.19 R. C. Coupled Amplifier ..................................................................................... 370
6.20 Concept of fa' fp and fT ..... 373
Summary ............................................................................................................ 375
Objective Type Questions .................................................................................. 376
Essay Type Questions ........................................................................................ 377
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................. 378
Chapter 7
FeedbackAmplifiers .................................................................... 381-428
7.1 FeedbackAmplifiers .......................................................................................... 382
7.2 Classification ofA mplifiers ................................................................................ 382
7.3 Feedback Concept ............................................................................................. 385
7.4 Types of Feedback ............................................................................................ 387
7.5 Effect of Negative Feedback on Transfer Gain ................................................ 387
7.6 Transfer Gain with Feedback ............................................................................ 392
7.7 Classifaction of Feedback Amplifiers ................................................................ 396
7.8 Effect of Feedback on Input Resistance ........................................................... 397
7.9 Effect of Negative Feedback on R ... ..400
o
7.10 Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers ....................................................................... 406
Summary ............................................................................................................ 424
Objective Type Questions .................................................................................. 425
Essay Type Questions ........................................................................................ 426
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................. 427
Chapter 8
Oscillators .................................................................................... 429-453
8.1 Oscillators .......................................................................................................... 430
8.2 Sinusoidal Oscillators ......................................................................................... 433
8.3 Barkhausen Criterion .... : ..................................................................................... 433
8.4 R - C Phase-Shift Oscillator (Using JFET) ...................................................... 434
8.5 Transistor RC Phase-Shift Oscillator ................................................................ 437
8.6 The General form of LC Oscillator Circuit ....................................................... 440
8.7 Loop Gain ........................................................................................................... 440
8.8 Wien Bridge Oscillator ....................................................................................... 443
8.9 Expression for f. ................................................................................................ 444
8.10 Thermistor ......................................................................................................... 445
8.11 Sensistor ............................................................................................................. 445
8.12 Amplitude Stabilization ................................................... :. .................................. 445
8.13 Applications ........................................................................................................ 446
8.14 Resonant Circuit Oscillators .............................................................................. 446
8.15 Crystal Oscillators .............................................................................................. 447
8.16 Frequency Stability ............................................................................................ 448
8.17 Frequency of Oscillations for Parallel Resonance Circuit.. ............................... 449
8.18 I-MHz FET Crystals Oscillator Circuit ............................................................. 449
Summary ............................................................................................................ 450
Objective Type Questions .................................................................................. 451
Essay Type Questions ........................................................................................ 452
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................. 452
Additional Objective Type Questions (Chapter 1-8) ...................................................... 454
Answers to Additional Objective Type Questions ........................................................... 455
Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 457
Appendix-I Colour Codes for Electronic Components ....................................... 458
Appendix-II Resistor and Capacitor Values ........................................................ 461
Appendix-III Capacitors .... ................................................................................. 464
Appendix-IV Inductors .......................................................................................... 470
Appendix-V Miscellaneous .................................................................................. 474
Appendix-VI Circuit Symbols ................................................................................ 484
Appendix-VII Unit Conversion Factors ................................................................. 486
Appendix-VIII American Wire Gauge Sizes and Metric Equivalents ...................... 489
Answers to Objective Type and Multiple Choice Questions ............. ............................. 491
Index ... ............................................................................................................................. 501