Electronic circuits : fundamentals and applications

488 Pages·2015·52.5 MB·English

by  Michael H

Electronic Circuits
Electronics explained in one volume, using both theoretical and practical applications.
XXNew chapter on Raspberry Pi
XXCompanion website contains free electronic tools to aid learning for students and a question bank
for lecturers
XXPractical investigations and questions within each chapter help reinforce learning
Mike Tooley provides all the information required to get to grips with the fundamentals of electronics,
detailing the underpinning knowledge necessary to appreciate the operation of a wide range of
electronic circuits, including amplifiers, logic circuits, power supplies and oscillators. The fourth edition
now offers an even more extensive range of topics, with extended coverage of practical areas such as
Raspberry Pi.
The book’s content is matched to the latest pre-degree level courses (from Level 2 up to, and including,
Foundation Degree and HND), making this an invaluable reference text for all study levels, and its broad
coverage is combined with practical case studies based in real-world engineering contexts. In addition,
each chapter includes a practical investigation designed to reinforce learning and provide a basis for
further practical work.
A new companion website at www.key2electronics.com offers the reader a set of spreadsheet design
tools that can be used to simplify circuit calculations, as well as circuit models and templates that will
enable virtual simulation of circuits in the book. These are accompanied by online self-test multiple
choice questions for each chapter with automatic marking, to enable students to continually monitor
their own progress and understanding. A bank of online questions for lecturers to set as assignments is
also available.
Mike Tooley has over 30 years’ experience of teaching electrical principles, electronics and
avionics to engineers and technicians, previously as Head of Department of Engineering and Vice
Principal at Brooklands College in Surrey, UK, and currently works as a consultant and freelance
technical author.
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Electronic Circuits
Fundamentals and applications
Fourth edition
Mike Tooley
iii
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Fourth edition published 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2015 Mike Tooley
The right of Mike Tooley to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Elsevier 1995 as Electronic Circuits Student Handbook
Third edition published by Elsevier 2006
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Tooley, Michael H.
Electronic circuits : fundamentals and applications / Mike Tooley.
pages cm
“First published by Elsevier 2006”--Verso title page.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-138-82892-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-315-73798-0 (ebook)
1. Electronic circuits. I. Title.
TK7867.T6583 2015
621.3815--dc23
2014036001
ISBN: 978-1-138-82892-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-73798-0 (ebk)
Typeset in Univers by
Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire
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Contents
Preface vii 14 Fault finding 270
A note for teachers and lecturers ix
A word about safety xi 15 Sensors and interfacing 285
1 Electrical fundamentals 1 16 Circuit simulation 301
2 Passive components 22 17 The PIC microcontroller 322
3 D.C. circuits 51 18 Electronic applications and
the Raspberry Pi 337
4 Alternating voltage and
current 71 19 Circuit construction 366
5 Semiconductors 89 Appendix 1 Student assignments 400
Appendix 2 Revision problems 404
6 Power supplies 117 Appendix 3 Answers to problems with
numerical solutions 415
7 Amplifiers 134 Appendix 4 Semiconductor pin connections 419
Appendix 5 1N4148 data sheet 422
8 Operational amplifiers 160 Appendix 6 2N3904 data sheet 426
Appendix 7 Decibels 433
9 Oscillators 174 Appendix 8 Mathematics for electronics 436
Appendix 9 Useful web addresses 460
10 Logic circuits 187 Appendix 10 A low-cost bench power supply 463
11 Microprocessers 203 Index 466
12 The 555 timer 222 Note that there is an additional chapter and extra
resources on the companion website for this title.
13 Test equipment and Visit www.key2electronics.com for more information.
measurements 233
v
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Preface
This is the book that I wish I had when I first addition, a number of problems can be found
started exploring electronics over half a century at the end of each chapter and solutions are
ago. In those days, transistors were only just provided at the end of the book. You can use
making their debut and integrated circuits were these end-of-chapter problems to check your
completely unknown. Of course, since then much understanding and also to give you some
has changed but, despite all of the changes, the experience of the ‘short answer’ questions
world of electronics remains a fascinating one. used in most in-course assessments. For good
And, unlike most other advanced technological measure, we have included 80 revision problems
disciplines, electronics is still something that you in Appendix 2.
can ‘do’ at home with limited resources and with At the end of the book you will find 22 sample
a minimal outlay. A soldering iron, a multi-meter coursework assignments. These should
and a handful of components are all you need to give you plenty of ‘food for thought’ as
get started. Except, of course, for some ideas to well as offering you some scope for further
get you started – and that’s exactly where this experimentation. It is not envisaged that you
book comes in! should complete all of these assignments, and a
The book has been designed to help you carefully chosen selection will normally suffice. If
understand how electronic circuits work. It you are following a formal course, your teacher or
will provide you with the basic underpinning lecturer will explain how these should be tackled
knowledge necessary to appreciate the operation and how they can contribute to your course
of a wide range of electronic circuits, including assessment.
amplifiers, logic circuits, power supplies and While the book assumes no previous knowledge
oscillators. of electronics, you need to be able to manipulate
The book is ideal for people who are studying basic formulae and understand some simple
electronics for the first time at any level, including trigonometry in order to follow the numerical
a wide range of school and college courses. It is examples. A study of mathematics to GCSE level
equally well suited to those who may be returning (or equivalent) will normally be adequate to satisfy
to study or who may be studying independently this requirement. However, for those who may
as well as those who may need a quick refresher. need a refresher or have had previous problems
The book has 19 chapters, each dealing with a with mathematics, Appendix 8 will provide you
particular topic, and ten appendices containing with the underpinning mathematical knowledge
useful information. The approach is topic-based required.
rather than syllabus-based and each major topic In the later chapters of the book, a number of
looks at a particular application of electronics. The representative circuits (with component values)
relevant theory is introduced on a progressive have been included together with sufficient
basis and delivered in manageable chunks. information to allow you to adapt and modify
In order to give you an appreciation of the solution the circuits for your own use. These circuits can
of simple numerical problems related to the be used to form the basis of your own practical
operation of basic circuits, worked examples investigations or they can be combined together
have been liberally included within the text. In in more complex circuits.
vii
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Preface
This latest edition brings the book up to date and some minimal testing equipment. Your first
with coverage of several important new topics, purchase should be a simple multi-range meter,
including the use of digital storage and sound either digital or analogue. This instrument will
card oscilloscopes, HDL/VHDL modelling of large- allow you to measure the voltages and currents
scale logic systems and a completely new chapter present so that you can compare them with the
devoted to the Raspberry Pi. predicted values. If you are attending a formal
Finally, you can learn a great deal from building, course of instruction and have access to an
testing and modifying simple circuits. To do electronics laboratory, do make full use of it!
this you will need access to a few basic tools
viii
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A note for teachers and
lecturers
The book is ideal for students following formal Teachers can differentiate students’ work by
courses (e.g. GCSE, AS-, A-level, BTEC, City & mixing assignments from the two levels. In
Guilds, etc.) in schools, sixth-form colleges and order to challenge students, minimal information
further/higher education colleges. It is equally well should be given to students at the start of each
suited for use as a text that can support distance assignment. The aim should be to give students
or flexible learning and for those who may need a ‘food for thought’ and encourage them to
‘refresher’ before studying electronics at a higher develop their own solutions and interpretation of
level. the topic.
While the book assumes little previous Where this text is to be used to support formal
knowledge, students need to be able to teaching it is suggested that the chapters should
manipulate basic formulae and understand be followed broadly in the order that they appear,
some simple trigonometry to follow the numerical with the notable exception of Chapter 13. Topics
examples. A study of mathematics to GCSE level from this chapter should be introduced at an
(or beyond) will normally be adequate to satisfy early stage in order to support formal lab work.
this requirement. However, an appendix has Assuming a notional delivery time of 4.5 hours
been added specifically to support students who per week, the material contained in this book
may have difficulty with mathematics. Students (together with supporting laboratory exercises
will require a scientific calculator in order to and assignments) will require approximately two
tackle the end-of-chapter problems as well as academic terms (i.e. 24 weeks) to deliver, in
the revision problems that appear at the end of which the total of 90 hours of study time should
the book. be divided equally into theory (supported by
problem solving) and practical (laboratory and
We have also included 22 sample coursework
assignment work). The recommended four or five
assignments. These are open-ended and can be
assignments will require about 25–30 hours of
modified or extended to suit the requirements of
student work to complete.
the particular awarding body. The assignments
have been divided into those that are broadly at When developing a teaching programme it is, of
Level 2 and those that are at Level 3. In order course, essential to check that you fully comply
to give reasonable coverage of the subject, with the requirements of the awarding body
students should normally be expected to concerning assessment and that the syllabus
complete four or five of these assignments. coverage is adequate.
ix
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