Electron Microscopy in Forensic, Occupational, and Environmental Health Sciences PDF
Preview Electron Microscopy in Forensic, Occupational, and Environmental Health Sciences
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN FORENSIC, OCCUPATIONAL,AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEAL TH SCIENCES ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN FORENSIC, OCCUPATIONAL,AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEAL TH SCIENCES Edited by Samarendra Basu New York State Police Crime Laboratory Albany, New York and James R. Millette McCrone Environmental Services, Inc. Norcross, Georgia PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Electron microscopy in forensic, occupational, and environmental health sciences. "Proceedings of a symposium ... part of the Electron Microscopy Society of America/Microbeam Analysis Society joint annual meeting, held August 5-9, 1985, in Louisville, Kentucky" - T.p. verso. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Forensic pathology - Technique - Congresses. 2. Industrial hygiene Technique - Congresses. 3. Environmental health - Technique - Congresses. 4. Electron microscopy - Congresses. 5. Particles - Identification - Congress es. I. Basu, Samarendra. II. Millette, James R. III. Electron Microscopy So ciety of America. IV. Microbeam Analysis Society. RAI063.4.E43 1986 6141.1 86-25290 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5247-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5245-7 DOl: 10.1 007/978-1-4684-5245-7 Proceedings of a symposium on Forensic, Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, part of the Electron Microscopy Society of America/Microbeam Analysis Society Joint annual meeting, held August 5-9, 1985, in Louisville, Kentucky © 1986 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1986 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher DEDICATION This volume is dedicated to all the desperate children who need our active support. They are hungry, homeless, malnourished, crippled, and disease-ravaged, and they have no hope. The volume is also dedicated to all the children who are forgotten and deserted, abused, retarded, handi capped, or blind. Between the time this volume was conceived and its publication, thousands of children will have died, having lost the battle against starvation and disease. Hundreds of children will commit crimes against themselves before they have the chance to learn that we care for them - that they are very special to someone. We want all children to know this about scientists - that while we strive to solve the puzzles of science, it is the children who are foremost to our hearts. The purpose of forensic and health sciences is one, to create a better world for every one to live in. Our children can depend on us for that. They have no food, no water, and no hope - victims of natural environmental disaster (Reprinted with permission from David Livingstone Missionary Foundation Letter from Africa). v The editors have decided to donate their royalties to children's charities in the United States, including the African Famine Relief Orga nization. The charities selected are the following: David Livingstone Missionary Foundation (Africa) The Pearl S. Buck Foundation, Inc. Meals for Millions/Freedom from Hunger Foundation Christian Appalachian Project New York Easter Seal Society Siloam International Epilepsy Foundation of America National Federation of the Blind Christian Children's Fund Save the Children Fund In due time the list may be augmented to include other charities in the United States and abroad, especially in Africa and Asia, which provide benevolent services to orphans and abused children. The editors are grate ful to be able to make this small contribution and hope that others will join in the effort. Samarendra Basu, Ph.D. James R. Millette, Ph.D. PREFACE Forensic, Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences are identification sciences dealing with criminal and delicate societal problems for which scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive x-rays (EDAX) and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are providing increasingly definitive solutions. This is particularly true in the area of particulates. However, electron microscopists working independently in these three related fields are often called upon to identify particulates which have been well characterized by microscopists in one of the other fields of study. Exchange of information on particulate identification and techniques for analyzing new unusual samples has been difficult between the three disciplines. For example, automated search and identification of particulates has become a standard procedure in environmental and occupational health. The procedure, however, has yet to find its way into forensic laboratories for analysis of gunshot residue particles. This volume represents a beginning for collaboration and exchange of ideas between such areas of study with diverse interests but similar analytical problems. It is virtually certain that this effort will also interest other electron microscopists in some novel scientific problems with criminal and societal relevance. The volume presents full-length articles of several invited speakers and participants at the "Forensic, Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences" Symposium held as a part of the EMSA-MAS Joint Annual Meeting, 5-9 August 1985, Louisville, Kentucky. Extended 2-4 page abstracts of these presentations have been published in the EMSA Proceedings (1985). These abstracts, however, are not long enough to permit detailed descriptions of methodologies and substantial results that are necessary for evaluation of each work by the scientific community. This volume is essentially a small expanded segment from one session of the 1985 - EMSA/MAS Joint Meeting. A few articles, written by researchers of international standing who were on the editors' (Symposium Organizer and Co-Chairman) original list, are also included. The present volume consists of three sections dealing with outstanding and novel applications of electron microscopy in forensic science, environmental health and occupational health. The included topics of forensic interest are the mechanism of gunshot residue deposition and its probing characteristics to reconstruct shootings, bulb filament and globe failure in car and plane accidents, hair comparisons by analysis of biological elements and by x-ray line scans for spatial variations of sulfur and absorbed copper ions, forensic uses of deflection modulation and x-ray dot maps, evaluation of staple impressions, impressions of cutting tools and bite mark analysis. The topics of occupational health are particulate contents of human lung in black lung diseases, alpha quartz in respirable coal mine dust, asbestos measurements in work places and ambient atmospheres and the effect of nickel on ultrastructure of the heart muscle. vii The topics of environmental health are respirable aerosols of sulfate (acid rain precursors) reaching Whiteface Mountain, New York, airborne lead particulates in an urban industrial environment, evidence of hepatotoxicity by microanalysis of subcellular ions, and liver tissue preparation by a modified cryoultramicrotomy kit. Although in terms of techniques and their applications, this volume has set forth definitive standards in areas in which significant advancements have been made that are contributing to Criminal Justice system and to health organization systems, the opinions expressed in individual articles should be considered to be those of the authors. Their opinions do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring organizations. viii SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several chapters in this book are largely an elaboration of invited and contributed papers presented by the contributors at the Forensic, Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences Symposium, sponsored by the Electron Microscopy Society of America at the 1985 joint national meetings of that Society and the Microbeam Analysis Society in Louisville, Kentucky, August 5-9. Extended abstracts of those presentations have been published by San Francisco Press, Inc. We should like to express our thanks to San Francisco Press, Inc., for releasing their copyrights to those abstracts. We also express our gratitude to all contributors of this book. Because the progress in our fields has to move on hand in hand with public interest, scientists and publishers of science must come forward and work as a team. We, therefore, commend Plenum Publishing Corporation for their efforts to act as,the publisher of this volume. We would like to specially acknowledge the financial support the Symposium (1985) received from the Electron Microscopy Society of America. Donations from AMRay Inc., Cambridge Instruments, Inc., and Ernest F. Fullam, Inc. toward the Symposium (1985) are also acknowledged. Thanks are also due to our individual employers, New York State Police (SB) and McCrone Environmental Services, Inc. (JRM), for support during the preparation of this volume. Special thanks from the principal editor (SB) are due to the 1985 - EMSA Program Committee headed by Professor George D. Pappas, to the 1985 - EMSA Local Arrangements Committee headed by Dr. George H. Herbener and Dr. Alan G. Farman, to Dr. Charles E. Lyman (EMSA), to Donald O. Chesworth, the Superintendent of New York State Police, to Colonel C. R. Baker, the Deputy Superintendent of Administration, New York State Police, and to Lt. W. M. Dale, the Assistant Director, New York State Police Crime Laboratory, for their active interest in the Symposium (1985). The principal editor (SB) wishes to express his deep appreciation to Mary Beth Larmour for her professional, secretarial assistance in organizing the Symposium (1985). Grateful acknowledgment from this editor (SB) is rendered to Robert Miazga for photography and to Sgt. A. Dooney for his assistance in preparing posters at the Symposium (1985). Finally, we thank Ellen Raynor-Enco, the editor of Plenum Publishing Corporation, for her assistance in seeing this book to completion. Samarendra Basu, Ph.D James R. Millete, Ph.D ix CONTENTS FORENSIC SCIENCE THE MECHANISM OF GUNSHOT RESIDUE DEPOSITION AND ITS PROBING CHARACTERISTICS TO RECONSTRUCT SHOOTINGS Samarendra Basu........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF SULFUR AND ABSORBED COPPER IONS IN HUMAN HAIR BY X-RAY LINE SCANNING Samarendra Basu.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 EVALUATION OF STAPLE IMPRESSIONS IN THE'SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE Samarendra Basu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 FORENSIC USES OF DEFLECTION (Y) MODULATION AND X-RAY DOT MAPPING Samarendra Basu... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 THE USE OF SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN BITE MARK ANALYSIS Thomas J. David............................................... 85 ANALYSIS OF BIOLOOICAL ELEMENTS IN SCALP HAIRS WITH SEM-EDX AND TEN AND ITS APPLICATIOli TO THE HAIR COMPARISON Sueshige Seta................................................. 97 EXAMINATION OF TOOL MARKS IN THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE R. P. Singh................................................... 109 FORENSIC EXAMINATIOli OF BULB FILAMENTS BY THE SEll Knud Aage Thorsen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 xi OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ASBESTOS MEASIJREIIENTS IN WORKPLACES AND AJlBIENT ATMOSPHERES Eric J. Chatfield............................................. 149 COMPARISON OF THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ALPHA QUARTZ FOUND IN RESPIRABLE DUST SAMPLES COLLECTED AT UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE COAL MINES WITH FOUR REFERENCE STANDARDS Charles W. Huggins, Suzanne J. Johnson, Joe M. Segreti and Janet G. Snyder........................................... 187 SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF NICKEL IN THE JlYOCARDIUM Arisztid G. B. Kovach, Istvan Balogh and Gabor M. Rubanyi..... 203 PARTICLE CONTENTS OF HUMAN LUNGS L. E. Stettler, S. F. Platek, D. H. Groth F. H. Y. Gt'een and V. Vallyathan""""""""""""""" 217 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LIVER TISSUE PREPARATION USING A MODIFIED CRYOULTRAIIICROTOJIY KIT Patrick J. Clark, James R. Millette, Allan L. Allenspach, Paul T. McCaul ey, and Isaac S. Washington..................... 227 MICROANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE LEAD PARTICULATES IN AN URBAN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT F. E. Doern and D. L. Wotton.................................. 237 MEASUREMENT OF SUBCELLULAR IONS BY X-RAY MICROANALYSIS FOR EVIDENCE OF HEPATOTOXICITY J. R. Millette, A. L. Allenspach, P. J. Clark, J. A. Stober, T. Mills, C. Weiler and D. Black.............................. 253 USING MICROPARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION TO IDENTIFY SOURCES OF ACID-RAIN PRECURSORS REACHING WHITEFACE MOUNTAIN. NEW YORK James S. Webber............................................... 261 CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 279 xii
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