Electromagnetic Compatibility for Device Design and System Integration

468 Pages·2009·13.374 MB·English

by  Karl-Heinz Gonschorek, Ralf Vick

Electromagnetic Compatibility for Device Design
and System Integration
·
Karl-Heinz Gonschorek Ralf Vick
Electromagnetic
Compatibility for Device
Design and System
Integration
123
Prof.Dr.-Ing.Karl-HeinzGonschorek Prof.Dr.-Ing.RalfVick
EMV-Beratung-EMC-Consultant Lehrstuhlfu¨rElektromagnetische
GostritzerStraße106 Vertra¨glichkeit
01217Dresden Otto-von-Guericke-Universita¨t
[email protected] Magdeburg
Institutfu¨rGrundlagender
Elektrotechnikund
ElektromagnetischeVertra¨glichkeit
Postfach4120
39016Magdeburg
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-03289-9 e-ISBN978-3-642-03290-5
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-03290-5
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009934598
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
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Contents
1 Motivation and Overview................................................................1
1.1 Availability of programs, mentioned in the book....................6
1.2 Availability of the figures, given in the book..........................6
2 Thinking in Voltages, Currents, Fields and Impedances..............7
3 Electric Fields..................................................................................19
3.1 Effects of electric fields and their calculation.......................22
4 Magnetic Fields...............................................................................29
4.1 Effects of magnetic fields......................................................29
4.2 Calculation of magnetic field strength of single and
multicore cables....................................................................31
4.3 Magnetic fields of Geofol transformers................................34
4.4 Magnetic stray fields of arbitrary arrangements of thin
wires......................................................................................35
4.4.1 Magnetic field of a four conductor arrangement..........35
4.4.2 Magnetic fields of twisted cables.................................37
4.4.3 Example calculation with the program STRAYF........39
4.4.4 Peculiarities of magnetic fields of twisted cables........41
5 Electromagnetic Fields...................................................................45
5.1 Characterization of Electromagnetic Waves.........................45
5.2 Effects of electromagnetic fields...........................................50
5.3 The elementary dipoles.........................................................54
5.3.1 Distance conversion.....................................................61
5.3.2 Field impedances.........................................................65
5.4 Effective height, effective antenna area, radiation
resistance...............................................................................68
5.5 Estimating the field strength of aperture antennas................75
5.5.1 Power density and electric field strength in the far
field region...................................................................76
VI Contents
5.5.2 Power density and electric field strength in the
near field region...........................................................77
5.5.3 Description of the program APERTUR.......................79
5.5.4 Program SAFEDIST....................................................79
6 The Interference Model.................................................................83
6.1 Galvanic coupling.................................................................90
6.1.1 Measures against a galvanic coupling interference......92
6.2 Capacitive coupling...............................................................93
6.2.1 Measures to lower the capacitive coupling..................95
6.3 Inductive coupling.................................................................97
6.3.1 Magnetic decoupling..................................................100
6.3.2 Definition of an effective mutual inductance for a
multicore cable...........................................................101
6.3.3 Measures to reduce the inductive coupling................104
6.4 Electromagnetic coupling....................................................106
6.4.1 Measures to reduce the electromagnetic coupling.....107
6.4.2 The λ/2-coupling model.............................................108
6.4.3 Some remarks regarding the estimation of the
electromagnetic coupling...........................................111
7 Intrasystem Measures..................................................................121
7.1 Some remarks regarding grounding, shielding, cabling,
and filtering.........................................................................123
7.1.1 Grounding..................................................................123
7.1.2 Shielding....................................................................124
7.1.3 Cabling.......................................................................126
7.1.4 Filtering......................................................................129
7.2 Shielding against electric fields - shield of bars..................138
7.3 Shielding against magnetic fields........................................141
7.3.1 Shielding against static magnetic and very low
frequency magnetic fields..........................................141
7.3.2 Shielding against medium frequency magnetic
fields...........................................................................149
7.3.3 Two parallel plates shielding against alternating
magnetic fields...........................................................149
7.3.4 Hollow sphere shielding against magnetic fields.......150
7.3.5 Hollow cylinder within a lateral magnetic field.........151
7.3.6 Hollow cylinder within a longitudinal magnetic
field............................................................................151
7.4 Shielding theory according to Schelkunoff – short and
concise.................................................................................153
Contents VII
7.4.1 Source code of the program SHIELD........................157
7.5 Leakages, openings, cavity resonances...............................157
7.5.1 Leakages, signal penetrations....................................159
7.5.2 Low frequency resonances, cavity resonances...........167
7.6 Cable coupling and cable transfer impedance.....................171
7.6.1 Cable coupling...........................................................171
7.6.2 Coupling into untwisted and twisted two
conductor cables.........................................................173
7.6.3 Coupling into and between shielded cables...............175
7.6.4 Cable shield connection at the device input...............200
8 Atmospheric Noise, Electromagnetic Environment and
Limit Values..................................................................................205
8.1 Atmospheric noise sources, electromagnetic
environment.........................................................................206
8.2 Conversion of limit values..................................................218
8.2.1 Distance conversion...................................................218
8.2.2 Conversion E (cid:198) H and H (cid:198) E..................................220
9 EMC Engineering and Analysis..................................................225
9.1 Development phases of a complex system..........................227
9.1.1 Conceptual phase.......................................................227
9.1.2 Definition phase.........................................................228
9.1.3 Construction and building phase................................230
9.2 EMC- Test planning............................................................232
9.3 Execution of analysis..........................................................242
10 Numerical Techniques for Field Calculation.............................247
10.1 Selecting the appropriate technique....................................249
10.2 Plausibility check................................................................256
10.3 Application examples of analysis........................................265
10.3.1 Investigation of resonances on a passenger car..........266
10.3.2 Influence of a dielectric material on the radiation
of a printed circuit board............................................267
10.3.3 Radiation of a mobile phone......................................268
10.3.4 Electromagnetic field on a frigate..............................269
10.4 Guidelines for using numerical methods.............................271
10.5 Application: Antenna coupling...........................................275
10.5.1 General remarks to the N-port theory........................275
10.5.2 Two port parameter....................................................276
10.5.3 Calculation of antenna coupling................................278
10.5.4 Source code of the program MATCH........................283
VIII Contents
11 Model for Immunity Testing.......................................................285
11.1 Standardised immunity test methods...................................286
11.2 Statistical approach to model the immunity........................288
11.2.1 Malfunction probability.............................................289
11.3 Fault frequency function.....................................................292
11.3.1 Interpretation of the results of immunity tests...........295
11.4 Time variant immunity........................................................296
11.4.1 Modelling...................................................................297
11.4.2 Immunity of microcontroller based equipment..........303
A1 Electric Fields of Rod Arrangements..........................................307
A1.1 Potential coefficients and partial capacitances....................308
A1.2 Horizontal conductors above ground..................................309
A1.2.1 Source code of the program HCOND........................315
A1.3 Vertical conductors above ground.......................................315
A1.3.1 Source code of the program VROD...........................320
A2 Magnetic Stray Fields...................................................................321
A2.1 Stray field low installation of cables...................................321
A2.1.1 The single core cable (case (a) of chapter 4.2)...........321
A2.1.2 Cable with one forward and one return conductor
(case (b) of chapter 4.2).............................................322
A2.1.3 Use of two forward- and two return conductors
(case (c1) of chapter 4.2)...........................................323
A2.1.4 Installation of the forward and return conductors
above a common ground plane (case (c2) of
chapter 4.2)................................................................324
A2.1.5 Use of four forward and four return conductors
(case (d) of chapter 4.2).............................................325
A2.2 Computer program for predicting magnetic stray fields.....327
A2.2.1 Field of a finitely long wire.......................................327
A2.2.2 Field of a single layered coil......................................329
A2.2.3 Considering phase relations.......................................333
A2.2.4 Source code of the program STRAYF.......................335
A3 Self and Mutual Inductances.......................................................337
A3.1 Mutual inductance between a finitely long conductor on
the y-axis and a trapezoidal area in the xy-plane................337
A3.2 Decomposition of an area in the xy-plane bounded by
straight lines........................................................................340
A3.3 Treatment of arbitrary conductor loops in space.................341
Contents IX
A3.4 Mutual inductance between 2 circular loops with lateral
displacement........................................................................343
A3.5 Source code of the program MUTUAL..............................345
A4 Elementary Dipoles......................................................................347
A4.1 Hertzian dipole....................................................................347
A4.1.1 Prediction of the field strength components for
the general case..........................................................347
A4.1.2 Solution for time harmonic excitation.......................349
A4.2 Current loop (loop antenna)................................................353
A4.3 Comparison of the wave impedances..................................360
A5 The Polarization Ellipsis..............................................................361
A5.1 Two dimensional case (E =0)..............................................362
z
A5.2 Three dimensional case – solution in the time domain.......364
A5.2.1 Some consideration regarding the plane of the
polarization ellipse.....................................................367
A5.3 Three dimensional case – solution in the frequency
range....................................................................................375
A6 Skin Effect and Shielding Theory of Schelkunoff......................377
A6.1 Skin effect of a conducting half space.................................377
A6.1.1 Strong skin effect within a cylindrical conductor......379
A6.1.2 Weak skin effect within a cylindrical conductor........380
A6.2 Shielding theory according to Schelkunoff.........................380
A6.2.1 Introduction................................................................380
A6.2.2 Necessary equations...................................................381
A6.2.3 Shielding mechanism.................................................382
A6.2.4 Shielding efficiency...................................................384
A6.2.5 Simple application of Schelkunoff’s theory...............384
A6.2.6 Procedure for a graphical determination of the
shielding efficiency....................................................386
A6.2.7 Error estimations........................................................390
A6.2.8 Summary....................................................................392
A7 Example of an EMC-Design Guide for Systems........................393
A7.1 Grounding...........................................................................393
A7.2 System filtering...................................................................395
A7.3 Shielding.............................................................................395
A7.4 Cabling................................................................................396
X Contents
A8 25 EMC-Rules for the PCB-Layout and the Device
Construction..................................................................................401
A9 Easy-to-use Procedure for Predicting the Cable Transfer
Impedance.....................................................................................409
A9.1 Predicting the voltage ratio with help of an oscilloscope....413
A9.2 Predicting the voltage ratio by a network analyzer.............415
A10 Capacitances and Inductances of Common Interest.................421
A11 Reports of Electromagnetic Incompatibilities............................429
A12 Solutions to the Exercises.............................................................435
A13 Physical Constants and Conversion Relations...........................455
A13.1 Physical Units and Constants..............................................455
A13.2 Conversion table for pressure..............................................456
A13.3 Conversion table for energy................................................457
A13.4 Conversion relations for electric and magnetic
quantities.............................................................................457
A13.5 Conversion of logarithmic quantities..................................458
A13.6 Abbreviations......................................................................459
A14 Bibliography..................................................................................461
Index..............................................................................................467