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Electricity and Magnetism - UFDC Image Array 2 PDF

218 Pages·2008·10.41 MB·English
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Book 4 in the Light and Matter series of free introductory physics textbooks www.lightandmatter.com The Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks: 1 Newtonian Physics 2 Conservation Laws 3 Vibrations and Waves 4 Electricity and Magnetism 5 Optics 6 The Modern Revolution in Physics Benjamin Crowell www.lightandmatter.com Fullerton, California www.lightandmatter.com copyright 1999-2008 Benjamin Crowell rev. October 7, 2008 This book is licensed under the Creative Com- mons Attribution-ShareAlike license, version 1.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/, except for those photographs and drawings of which I am not the author, as listed in the photo credits. If you agree to the license, it grants you certain privileges that you would not otherwise have, such as the right to copy the book, or download the digital version free of charge from www.lightandmatter.com. At your option, you may also copy this book under the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.2, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt, with no invariant sections, no front-cover texts, and no back-cover texts. ISBN 0-9704670-4-4 To Arnold Arons. Brief Contents 1 Electricity and the Atom 13 2 The Nucleus 41 3 Circuits, Part 1 77 4 Circuits, Part 2 105 5 Fields of Force 123 6 Electromagnetism 143 A Capacitance and Inductance 169 Contents 1 Electricity and the Atom Isotopes, 55.—Sizes and shapes of nuclei, 56. 1.1 The quest for the atomic force. . . 14 2.5 Thestrongnuclearforce,alphadecay 1.2 Charge, electricity and magnetism . 15 and fission. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Charge, 15.—Conservation of charge, 17.—Electrical forces involving neutral Randomness in physics, 59. objects, 18.—The path ahead, 18.— 2.6 The weak nuclear force; beta decay 59 Magnetic forces, 18. The solar neutrino problem, 61. 1.3 Atoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.7 Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Atomism, 20.—Atoms, light, and every- 2.8 Nuclear energy and binding energies 64 thing else, 22.—The chemical elements, 2.9 Biological effects of ionizing radiation 67 23.—Making sense of the elements, 24.— Direct proof that atoms existed, 25. 2.10 (cid:63) The creation of the elements . . 70 1.4 Quantization of charge. . . . . . 26 CreationofhydrogenandheliumintheBig 1.5 The electron . . . . . . . . . . 30 bang,70.—Wearestardust,70.—Artificial Cathode rays, 30.—Were cathode rays synthesis of heavy elements, 71. a form of light, or of matter?, 30.— Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Thomson’sexperiments,31.—Thecathode Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 ray as a subatomic particle: the electron, 33. 1.6 The raisin cookie model of the atom 34 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3 Circuits, Part 1 3.1 Current . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Unity of all types of electricity, 78.— Electric current, 79. 3.2 Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.3 Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Thevoltunit, 82.—Thevoltageconceptin general, 83. 2 The Nucleus 3.4 Resistance. . . . . . . . . . . 87 Resistance, 87.—Superconductors, 89.— 2.1 Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . 41 Constant voltage throughout a conductor, Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity, 90.—Short circuits, 91.—Resistors, 91.— 41.—Three kinds of “radiations”, 43.— Lightbulb, 92.—Polygraph, 92.—Fuse, Radium: a more intense source of 92.—Voltmeter, 93. radioactivity, 43.—Tracking down the na- 3.5 Current-conducting properties of ture of alphas, betas, and gammas, 43. materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.2 The planetary model of the atom. . 45 Solids, 94.—Gases, 95.—Liquids, 95.— Some phenomena explained with the plan- Speedofcurrentsandelectricalsignals,96. etary model, 48. (cid:82) 2.3 Atomic number . . . . . . . . . 48 3.6 Applications of Calculus . . . . 97 2.4 The structure of nuclei . . . . . . 53 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 The proton, 53.—The neutron, 54.— Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 10

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Book 4 in the Light and Matter series of free introductory physics textbooks www. lightandmatter.com .. Newton went on to write a million words of alchemical notes filled . the actors on the stage of electricity and magnetism are invisible.
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