Electrical Power Systems Technology

497 Pages·2008·4.56 MB·English

Electrical Power
Systems Technology
Third Edition
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Electrical Power
Systems Technology
Third Edition
Stephen W. Fardo
Dale R. Patrick
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fardo, Stephen W.
Electrical power systems technology / Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick. -
- 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-10: 0-88173-585-X (alk. paper) -- ISBN-10: 0-88173-586-8 (electronic)
-- ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-0027-0 (Taylor & Francis : alk. paper)
1. Electric power systems. 2. Electric machinery. I. Patrick, Dale R.
II. Title.
TK1001.F28 2008
621.31--dc22
2008033611

Electrical Power Systems Technology / Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick.
©2009 by The Fairmont Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Printed in the United States of America
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13: 978-1-4398-0027-0 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher,
authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
iv
Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................ix
UNIT I POWER MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND
FUNDAMENTALS ....................................................................1
Chapter 1 Power Measurement Fundamentals .......................................5
Units of Measurement—Conversion of SI Units—
Scientific Notation
Chapter 2 Power System Fundamentals .................................................15
The System Concept—Basic System Functions—A Simple
Electrical System Example—Energy, Work, and Power—Types
of Electrical Circuits—Power in DC Electrical Circuits—
Maximum Power Transfer—Overview of Alternating Current
(AC) Circuits—Vector and Phasor Diagrams—Impedance in
AC Circuits—Power Relationships in AC Circuits—Power
Relationships in Three—Phase Circuits
Chapter 3 Power Measurement Equipment ...........................................59
Measurement Systems—Measuring Electrical Power—
Measuring Electrical Energy—Measuring Three-Phase Electrical
Energy—Frequency Measurement—Synchroscopes—
Ground -Fault Indicators—Megohmeters—Clamp-On Meters
Telemetering Systems
UNIT II ELECTRICAL POWER PRODUCTION SYSTEMS .............79
Chapter 4 Modern Power Systems ..........................................................83
Electrical Power Plants—Fossil Fuel Systems—Steam Turbines—
Boilers—Hydroelectric Systems—Nuclear Fission Systems—
Operational Aspects of Modem Power Systems
Chapter 5 Alternative Power Systems ...................................................117
Potential Power Sources—Solar Energy Systems—Geothermal
Power Systems—Wind Systems—Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
Systems—Nuclear-Fusion Power Systems—Nuclear-Fusion
Methods—Future of Nuclear Fusion—Fuel-Cell Systems—Tidal
Power Systems—Coal-Gasification Fuel Systems—Oil-Shale
Fuel-Production Systems—Alternative Nuclear Power Plants—
Biomass Systems
v
Chapter 6 Alternating Current Power Systems ...................................137
Electromagnetic Induction—Basic Generator Operation—
Single-Phase AC Power Systems—Single-Phase AC Generators—
Three-Phase AC Generators—High-Speed and Low-Speed
Generators—Generator Frequency—Generator Voltage
Regulation—Generator Efficiency
Chapter 7 Direct Current Power Systems .............................................157
DC Production Using Chemical Cells—Characteristics of Primary
Cells—Characteristics of Secondary Cells—DC Generating Sys-
tems—DC Conversion Systems—DC Filtering Methods—DC Reg-
ulation Methods
UNIT III ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS .........203
Chapter 8 Power Distribution Fundamentals ......................................207
Overview of Electrical Power Distribution—Power Transmission
and Distribution—Radial, Ring, and Network Distribution
Systems—Use of Transformers for Power Distribution—
Conductors in Power Distribution Systems—Conductor Area—
Resistance of Conductors—Conductor Sizes and Types—
Ampacity of Conductors—Ampacity Tables—Use of Insulation in
Power Distribution Systems
Chapter 9 Power Distribution Equipment ............................................239
Equipment Used at Substations—Power System Protective
Equipment—Power Distribution Inside Industrial and
Commercial Buildings—The Electrical Service Entrance—Service
Entrance Terminology
Chapter 10 Single-Phase and Three-Phase
Distribution Systems .............................................................255
Single-Phase Systems— Three-Phase Systems—Grounding
of Distribution Systems—System Grounding—Ground-Fault
Protection—Wiring Design Considerations for Distribution
Systems—Branch Circuit Design Considerations—Feeder Circuit
Design Considerations—Determining Grounding Conductor
Size—Parts of Interior Electrical Wiring Systems
UNIT IV ELECTRICAL POWER CONVERSION SYSTEMS ...........289
Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Electrical Loads ........................................293
Load Characteristics—Three-Phase Load Characteristics
vi
Chapter 12 Heating Systems .....................................................................307
Basic Heating Loads—Electrical Welding Loads—Power
Considerations for Electric Welders—Electric Heating
and Air Conditioning Systems
Chapter 13 Lighting Systems ....................................................................327
Characteristics of Light—Electrical Lighting Circuits—
Branch Circuit Design—Lighting Fixture Design—
Factors in Determining Light Output
Chapter 14 Mechanical Systems ...............................................................349
Basic Motor Principles—DC Motors—Specialized DC Motors—
Single-Phase AC Motors—Three-Phase AC Motors—Specialized
Mechanical Power Systems—Electric Motor Applications
UNIT V ELECTRICAL POWER CONTROL SYSTEMS ..................401
Chapter 15 Power Control Devices ..........................................................405
Power Control Standards, Symbols, and Definitions—Power
Control Using Switches—Control Equipment for Electric
Motors—other Electromechanical Power Control Equipment—
Electronic Power Control
Chapter 16 Operational Power Control Systems ...................................427
Basic Control Systems—Motor—Starting Systems—
Specialized Control Systems—Frequency—Conversion
Systems—Programming the PLC
Chapter 17 Control Devices ......................................................................453
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers—SCR Construction—SCR I-V
Characteristics—DC Power Control with SCRs—AC Power
Control with SCRs—Triac Power Control—Triac Construction—
Triac Operation—Triac I-V Characteristics—Triac Applications—
Static Switching—Start-Stop Triac Control—Triac Variable Power
Control—Diac Power Control—Electronic Control Considerations
Appendix A Trigonometric Functions .......................................................471
Appendix B The Elements ...........................................................................473
Appendix C Metric Conversions ................................................................475
Index ................................................................................................................481
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Preface
Electrical Power Systems Technology (Third Edition) provides a broad
overview of the production, distribution, control, conversion, and mea-
surement of electrical power. The presentation method used in this book
will allow the reader to develop an understanding of electrical power sys-
tems. The units of the book are organized in a systematic manner, begin-
ning with electrical power production methods. The fundamentals of each
major unit of the book are discussed at the beginning of the unit. These
fundamentals provide a framework for the information that follows in
each unit. The last unit has been expanded to include control devices.
This book deals with many important aspects of electrical power, not
just with one or two areas. In this way, it will give the reader a better un-
derstanding of the total electrical power system—from the production of
electricity to its conversion to other forms of energy. Each unit deals with
a specific system, such as production, distribution, control, conversion, or
measurement. Each system is broken down into subsystems. The subsys-
tems are then explored in greater detail in the chapters that make up each
unit.
In order to understand the contents of this book in depth, the reader
should have a knowledge of basic electrical fundamentals. The mathemat-
ical presentations given are very simple and are used only to show the
practical relationships that are important in electrical power system op-
eration. This book is recommended as a textbook for an “electrical power”
or “electrical generators and motors” course. It would be a suitable text for
vocational-technical schools, community colleges, universities, and, pos-
sibly, some technical high school programs. Many illustrations are shown,
to make the presentations that are given easier to understand. The content
is presented in such a way that any reader should be able to learn a great
deal about the operation of electrical power systems.
Stephen W. Fardo
Dale R. Patrick
Eastern Kentucky University
Richmond, KY 40475
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