Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology, 6th Edition

539 Pages·2017·29.379 MB·English

by  John Bird

Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
This practical resource introduces electrical and elec- JohnBird,BSc(Hons),CEng,CSci,CMath,FITE,
tronic principles and technology covering theory FIMA,FCollT,istheformerHeadofAppliedElectron-
throughdetailedexamples,enablingstudentstodevelop ics intheFacultyofTechnologyatHighburyCollege,
a sound understanding of the knowledge required by Portsmouth,UK.Morerecentlyhehascombinedfree-
technicians in fields such as electrical engineering, lance lecturing and examining, and is the author of
electronicsandtelecommunications.Nopreviousback- over 130 textbooks on engineering and mathemati-
groundinengineeringisassumed,makingthisanideal cal subjects with worldwide sales of over one million
textforvocationalcoursesatLevels2and3,foundation copies.HeiscurrentlylecturingattheDefenceSchool
degreesandintroductorycoursesforundergraduates. of Marine and Air Engineering in the Defence Col-
lege of Technical Training at HMS Sultan, Gosport,
Hampshire,UK.
To Sue
Electrical and Electronic Principles
and Technology
Sixth edition
John Bird
Sixtheditionpublished2017
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
andbyRoutledge
711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2017JohnBird
TherightofJohnBirdtobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78
oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,
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FirsteditionpublishedbyNewnes2000
FiftheditionpublishedbyRoutledge2014
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Names:Bird,J.O.,author.
Title:Electricalandelectronicprinciplesandtechnology/JohnBird.
Description:6thed.|BocaRaton:Taylor&Francis,aCRCtitle,partoftheTaylor&Francisimprint,amemberoftheTaylor&
FrancisGroup,theacademicdivisionofT&FInforma,plc,[2017]|Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016038058|ISBN9781138673526|ISBN9781315561875
Subjects:LCSH:Electricalengineering.Classification:LCCTK146.B572017|DDC621.3–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016038058
ISBN:978-1-138-67352-6(pbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-56187-5(ebk)
TypesetinTimesby
ServisFilmsettingLtd,Stockport,Cheshire
Visitthecompanionwebsite:www.routledge.com/cw/bird
Contents
Preface x 3.8 Electricalpowerandenergy 60
3.9 Summaryofterms,unitsand
theirsymbols 61
Part1 RevisionofSomeBasic
Mathematics 1 4 Anintroductiontoelectriccircuits 63
4.1 Electrical/electronicsystem
blockdiagrams 64
1 Somemathematicsrevision 3
1.1 Useofcalculatorandevaluatingformulae 3 4.2 Standardsymbolsforelectricalcomponents 65
1.2 Fractions 6 4.3 Electriccurrentandquantityofelectricity 65
1.3 Percentages 8 4.4 Potentialdifferenceandresistance 66
1.4 Ratioandproportion 10 4.5 Basicelectricalmeasuringinstruments 66
1.5 Lawsofindices 13 4.6 Linearandnon-lineardevices 67
1.6 Brackets 15 4.7 Ohm’slaw 67
1.7 Solvingsimpleequations 16 4.8 Multiplesandsub-multiples 67
1.8 Transposingformulae 18 4.9 Conductorsandinsulators 69
1.9 Solvingsimultaneousequations 20 4.10 Electricalpowerandenergy 69
4.11 Maineffectsofelectriccurrent 72
2 Furthermathematicsrevision 22 4.12 Fuses 73
2.1 Radiansanddegrees 23
4.13 Insulationandthedangersofconstant
2.2 Measurementofangles 24 highcurrentflow 73
2.3 Trigonometryrevision 25
5 Resistancevariation 76
2.4 Logarithmsandexponentials 27
5.1 Resistorconstruction 76
2.5 Straightlinegraphs 32
5.2 Resistanceandresistivity 77
2.6 Gradients,interceptsandequationofagraph 34
5.3 Temperaturecoefficientofresistance 79
2.7 Practicalstraightlinegraphs 36
5.4 Resistorcolourcodingandohmicvalues 81
2.8 Calculatingareasofcommonshapes 38
6 Batteriesandalternativesourcesofenergy 85
6.1 Introductiontobatteries 86
Formulaeforrevisionofsome
6.2 Somechemicaleffectsofelectricity 86
basicmathematics 44
6.3 Thesimplecell 87
6.4 Corrosion 88
Multiplechoicequestionson 6.5 E.m.f.andinternalresistanceofacell 88
chapters1and2 46 6.6 Primarycells 90
6.7 Secondarycells 91
6.8 Lithium-ionbatteries 93
Part2 BasicElectricalandElectronic 6.9 Cellcapacity 96
EngineeringPrinciples 53 6.10 Safedisposalofbatteries 96
6.11 Fuelcells 96
3 Unitsassociatedwithbasicelectricalquantities 55 6.12 Alternativeandrenewableenergysources 97
3.1 SIunits 55 6.13 Solarenergy 98
3.2 Charge 56
3.3 Force 57 RevisionTest1 103
3.4 Work 57
3.5 Power 58 7 Seriesandparallelnetworks 104
3.6 Electricalpotentialande.m.f. 59 7.1 Seriescircuits 104
3.7 Resistanceandconductance 59 7.2 Potentialdivider 106
vi
Contents
7.3 Parallelnetworks 107 11.3 Rotationofaloopinamagneticfield 173
7.4 Currentdivision 110 11.4 Inductance 174
7.5 Loadingeffect 114 11.5 Inductors 176
7.6 Potentiometersandrheostats 115 11.6 Energystored 176
7.7 Relativeandabsolutevoltages 117 11.7 Inductanceofacoil 177
7.8 Earthpotentialandshortcircuits 119 11.8 Mutualinductance 179
7.9 Wiringlampsinseriesandinparallel 119
12 Electricalmeasuringinstruments
8 Capacitorsandcapacitance 122 andmeasurements 183
8.1 Introductiontocapacitors 123 12.1 Introduction 184
8.2 Electrostaticfield 123 12.2 Analogueinstruments 184
8.3 Electricfieldstrength 124 12.3 Shuntsandmultipliers 184
8.4 Capacitance 124 12.4 Electronicinstruments 186
8.5 Capacitors 125 12.5 Theohmmeter 186
8.6 Electricfluxdensity 126 12.6 Multimeters 187
8.7 Permittivity 126 12.7 Wattmeters 187
8.8 Theparallelplatecapacitor 128 12.8 Instrument‘loading’effect 187
8.9 Capacitorsconnectedinparallelandseries 129 12.9 Theoscilloscope 189
8.10 Dielectricstrength 133 12.10 Virtualtestandmeasuringinstruments 194
8.11 Energystoredincapacitors 134 12.11 Virtualdigitalstorageoscilloscopes 195
8.12 Practicaltypesofcapacitor 135 12.12 Waveformharmonics 198
8.13 Supercapacitors 137 12.13 Logarithmicratios 199
8.14 Dischargingcapacitors 138 12.14 Nullmethodofmeasurement 202
12.15 Wheatstonebridge 202
9 Magneticcircuits 141
12.16 D.c.potentiometer 203
9.1 Introductiontomagnetismandmagnetic
12.17 A.c.bridges 204
circuits 142
12.18 Q-meter 205
9.2 Magneticfields 143
12.19 Measurementerrors 206
9.3 Magneticfluxandfluxdensity 144
9.4 Magnetomotiveforceandmagneticfield
strength 144 13 Semiconductordiodes 211
13.1 Typesofmaterial 212
9.5 PermeabilityandB–Hcurves 145
13.2 Semiconductormaterials 212
9.6 Reluctance 148
13.3 Conductioninsemiconductormaterials 214
9.7 Compositeseriesmagneticcircuits 149
13.4 Thep–njunction 214
9.8 Comparisonbetweenelectricaland
magneticquantities 152 13.5 Forwardandreversebias 215
9.9 Hysteresisandhysteresisloss 153 13.6 Semiconductordiodes 218
13.7 Characteristicsandmaximumratings 219
13.8 Rectification 219
RevisionTest2 156
13.9 Zenerdiodes 220
13.10 Siliconcontrolledrectifiers 221
10 Electromagnetism 157
13.11 Lightemittingdiodes 222
10.1 Magneticfieldduetoanelectriccurrent 158
13.12 Varactordiodes 222
10.2 Electromagnets 159
13.13 Schottkydiodes 222
10.3 Forceonacurrent-carryingconductor 161
10.4 Principleofoperationofasimple
14 Transistors 226
d.c.motor 164
14.1 Transistorclassification 227
10.5 Principleofoperationofamoving-coil
14.2 Bipolarjunctiontransistors(BJTs) 227
instrument 164
14.3 Transistoraction 228
10.6 Forceonacharge 165
14.4 Leakagecurrent 229
11 Electromagneticinduction 168 14.5 Biasandcurrentflow 230
11.1 Introductiontoelectromagneticinduction 169 14.6 Transistoroperatingconfigurations 230
11.2 Lawsofelectromagneticinduction 170 14.7 Bipolartransistorcharacteristics 230
vii
Contents
14.8 Transistorparameters 232 17.3 Purelycapacitivea.c.circuit 298
14.9 Currentgain 234 17.4 R–Lseriesa.c.circuit 299
14.10 TypicalBJTcharacteristicsandmaximum 17.5 R–Cseriesa.c.circuit 303
ratings 234 17.6 R–L–Cseriesa.c.circuit 304
14.11 Fieldeffecttransistors 235 17.7 Seriesresonance 308
14.12 Fieldeffecttransistorcharacteristics 236 17.8 Q-factor 309
14.13 TypicalFETcharacteristicsandmaximum 17.9 Bandwidthandselectivity 310
ratings 238 17.10 Powerina.c.circuits 311
14.14 Transistoramplifiers 238 17.11 Powertriangleandpowerfactor 312
14.15 Loadlines 240
18 Single-phaseparallela.c.circuits 318
18.1 Introduction 319
RevisionTest3 247
18.2 R–Lparallela.c.circuit 319
18.3 R–Cparallela.c.circuit 320
Formulaeforbasicelectricalandelectronic 18.4 L–Cparallelcircuit 321
principles 248 18.5 LR–Cparallela.c.circuit 323
18.6 ParallelresonanceandQ-factor 326
18.7 Powerfactorimprovement 330
Part3 FurtherElectricaland
19 Filternetworks 337
ElectronicPrinciples 249
19.1 Introduction 337
19.2 Two-portnetworksandcharacteristic
impedance 338
15 D.c.circuittheory 251
19.3 Low-passfilters 338
15.1 Introduction 251
19.4 High-passfilters 341
15.2 Kirchhoff’slaws 252
19.5 Band-passfilters 345
15.3 Thesuperpositiontheorem 256
19.6 Band-stopfilters 346
15.4 Generald.c.circuittheory 259
15.5 Thévenin’stheorem 261
20 D.c.transients 349
15.6 Constant-currentsource 266
20.1 Introduction 350
15.7 Norton’stheorem 266
20.2 Chargingacapacitor 350
15.8 ThéveninandNortonequivalentnetworks 269
20.3 TimeconstantforaC–Rcircuit 351
15.9 Maximumpowertransfertheorem 272
20.4 TransientcurvesforaC–Rcircuit 351
20.5 Dischargingacapacitor 355
16 Alternatingvoltagesandcurrents 278 20.6 Cameraflash 357
16.1 Introduction 279 20.7 CurrentgrowthinanL–Rcircuit 357
16.2 Thea.c.generator 279 20.8 TimeconstantforanL–Rcircuit 358
16.3 Waveforms 280 20.9 TransientcurvesforanL–Rcircuit 358
16.4 A.c.values 281 20.10 CurrentdecayinanL–Rcircuit 360
16.5 Electricalsafety–insulationandfuses 285 20.11 Switchinginductivecircuits 362
16.6 Theequationofasinusoidalwaveform 285 20.12 Theeffectsoftimeconstantona
16.7 Combinationofwaveforms 287 rectangularwaveform 362
16.8 Rectification 291
16.9 Smoothingoftherectifiedoutput 21 Operationalamplifiers 366
waveform 292 21.1 Introductiontooperationalamplifiers 367
21.2 Someopampparameters 368
RevisionTest4 295 21.3 Opampinvertingamplifier 369
21.4 Opampnon-invertingamplifier 372
21.5 Opampvoltage-follower 372
17 Single-phaseseriesa.c.circuits 296 21.6 Opampsummingamplifier 373
17.1 Purelyresistivea.c.circuit 297 21.7 Opampvoltagecomparator 374
17.2 Purelyinductivea.c.circuit 297 21.8 Opampintegrator 375
viii
Contents
21.9 Opampdifferentialamplifier 375 24.5 Transformeron-loadphasordiagram 424
21.10 Digitaltoanalogue(D/A)conversion 377 24.6 Transformerconstruction 425
21.11 Analoguetodigital(A/D)conversion 379 24.7 Equivalentcircuitofatransformer 426
24.8 Regulationofatransformer 428
24.9 Transformerlossesandefficiency 428
RevisionTest5 382
24.10 Resistancematching 431
24.11 Autotransformers 433
Formulaeforfurtherelectricalandelectronic
24.12 Isolatingtransformers 435
principles 383
24.13 Three-phasetransformers 435
24.14 Currenttransformers 437
Part4 ElectricalPowerTechnology 385 24.15 Voltagetransformers 438
RevisionTest6 441
22 Waysofgeneratingelectricity–thepresent
andthefuture 387
22.1 Introduction 388
25 D.c.machines 442
22.2 Generatingelectricalpowerusingcoal 388 25.1 Introduction 443
22.3 Generatingelectricalpowerusingoil 390 25.2 Theactionofacommutator 443
22.4 Generatingelectricalpowerusingnatural 25.3 D.c.machineconstruction 444
gas 391
25.4 Shunt,seriesandcompoundwindings 444
22.5 Generatingelectricalpowerusingnuclear
25.5 E.m.f.generatedinanarmaturewinding 445
energy 392
25.6 D.c.generators 447
22.6 Generatingelectricalpowerusinghydro
25.7 Typesofd.c.generatorandtheir
power 393
characteristics 447
22.7 Generatingelectricalpowerusingpumped
25.8 D.c.machinelosses 451
storage 394
25.9 Efficiencyofad.c.generator 451
22.8 Generatingelectricalpowerusingwind 395
25.10 D.c.motors 452
22.9 Generatingelectricalpowerusingtidal
25.11 Torqueofad.c.motor 453
power 395
25.12 Typesofd.c.motorandtheir
22.10 Generatingelectricalpowerusingbiomass 397
characteristics 455
22.11 Generatingelectricalpowerusingsolar
25.13 Theefficiencyofad.c.motor 458
energy 397
25.14 D.c.motorstarter 461
22.12 Harnessingthepowerofwind,tideand
25.15 Speedcontrolofd.c.motors 461
sunonan‘energyisland’–afuture
25.16 Motorcooling 464
possibility? 398
26 Three-phaseinductionmotors 467
23 Three-phasesystems 401
26.1 Introduction 468
23.1 Introduction 402
26.2 Productionofarotatingmagneticfield 468
23.2 Three-phasesupply 402
26.3 Synchronousspeed 470
23.3 Starconnection 402
26.4 Constructionofathree-phaseinduction
23.4 Deltaconnection 406
motor 471
23.5 Powerinthree-phasesystems 407
26.5 Principleofoperationofathree-phase
23.6 Measurementofpowerinthree-phase
inductionmotor 471
systems 409
26.6 Slip 472
23.7 Comparisonofstaranddeltaconnections 414
26.7 Rotore.m.f.andfrequency 473
23.8 Advantagesofthree-phasesystems 414
26.8 Rotorimpedanceandcurrent 474
26.9 Rotorcopperloss 474
24 Transformers 417 26.10 Inductionmotorlossesandefficiency 475
24.1 Introduction 418
26.11 Torqueequationforaninduction
24.2 Transformerprincipleofoperation 418 motor 476
24.3 Transformerno-loadphasordiagram 421 26.12 Inductionmotortorque–speed
24.4 E.m.f.equationofatransformer 422 characteristics 479
ix
Contents
26.13 Startingmethodsforinductionmotors 480 27.6 Useofanoscilloscopewithabridge
26.14 Advantagesofsquirrel-cage rectifier 497
inductionmotors 480 27.7 Measurementoftheinductanceofacoil 498
26.15 Advantagesofwoundrotor 27.8 Seriesa.c.circuitandresonance 499
inductionmotors 481 27.9 Parallela.c.circuitandresonance 501
26.16 Doublecageinductionmotor 481 27.10 Charginganddischargingacapacitor 503
26.17 Usesofthree-phaseinductionmotors 482
AnswerstoPracticeExercises 504
RevisionTest7 485
Index 521
Formulaeforelectricalpowertechnology 486
Part5 LaboratoryExperiments 487
27 Somepracticallaboratoryexperiments 489
27.1 Ohm’slaw 490
27.2 Series–paralleld.c.circuit 491
27.3 Superpositiontheorem 492
27.4 Thévenin’stheorem 494
27.5 Useofanoscilloscopetomeasure
voltage,frequencyandphase 496