Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials: Technological Challenges and Solutions

614 Pages·2021·55.534 MB·English

by  Suman Lata Tripathi (editor), Parvej Ahmad Alvi (editor), Umashankar Subramaniam (editor)

Electrical and Electronic Devices,
Circuits, and Materials
Scrivener Publishing
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Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Electrical and Electronic Devices,
Circuits, and Materials
Technological Challenges and Solutions
Edited by
Suman Lata Tripathi,
Parvej Ahmad Alvi,
and
Umashankar Subramaniam
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener
Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-75036-9
Cover image: Cyberspace Technology Background, Alongkorn Paingam | Dreamstime.com; Circuit Board Background,
Artnoy Vector | Dreamstime.com
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xvii
Part I Design and Analysis 1
1 Strain Engineering in Modern Field Effect Transistors 3
Kunal Sinha
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Theory of Strain Technology 4
1.2.1 Stress and Strain 4
1.2.2 Stress Matrix for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress 6
1.2.3 Impact of Strain on MOSFET Parameters 8
1.3 Simulation Studies in Strain Technology 9
1.4 Experimental Studies on Strain Technology 12
1.5 Summary and Future Scope 14
Future Scope 15
Acknowledgement 15
References 15
2 Design and Optimization of Heterostructure Double Gate Tunneling
Field Effect Transistor for Ultra Low Power Circuit and System 19
Guenifi Naima and Shiromani Balmukund Rahi
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Fundamental of Device Physics 20
2.2.1 Basic Working Principles of TFET 20
2.2.2 Kane’s Model 21
2.3 Analysis Approach and Device Parameters 21
2.4 Switching Behavior of TFET 23
2.5 Results and Discussion 24
2.6 Conclusion 34
Acknowledgement 35
References 35
3 Polymer Electrolytes: Development and Supercapacitor Application 37
Anil Arya, Anurag Gaur and A. L. Sharma
3.1 Introduction 37
3.1.1 The Basic Principle and Types of Supercapacitors 38
3.1.2 Key Characteristics of the Electrolyte 40
v
vi Contents
3.1.3 Polymer Electrolytes and Types 43
3.1.4 Modification Strategies for Polymer Electrolytes 46
3.2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques 47
3.3 Latest Developments 51
3.4 Summary 62
References 62
4 Tunable RF/Microwave Filter with Fractal DGS 67
Mehul Thakkar, Pravin R. Prajapati and Hitesh Shah
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Literature Review 70
4.2.1 Planar Reconfigurable Filters 70
4.3 Proposed Work 71
4.3.1 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter 71
4.3.2 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS 72
4.3.3 Design of Tunable Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS 76
4.4 Conclusion 80
Acknowledgement 80
References 80
5 GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Device Technology for
RF and High-Power Applications 83
A. B. Khan
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 HEMT Structures 85
5.2.1 GaAs-Based HEMTs 85
5.2.2 InP-Based HEMTs 85
5.2.3 GaN-Based HEMTs 86
5.3 Polarization Impact and Creation of 2DEG in GaN HEMT 88
5.3.1 Polarization Effect 88
5.3.2 Formation of 2DEG 90
5.4 GaN-Based HEMT Performance Affecting Factors 92
5.4.1 Surface Passivation 92
5.4.2 Parasitic Effects 93
5.4.3 Field Plate Engineering Technique 94
5.4.4 Impact of Barrier Layer 95
5.5 Conclusion 95
References 96
6 Design and Analyses of a Food Protein Sensing System Based
on Memristive Properties 101
Rupam Goswami, Arighna Deb, Rithik Dilip Rathi and Prateek Mahajan
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Background 103
6.2.1 Principle of a Memristor 103
6.2.2 Bio-Memristors 103
6.2.3 Applications of Memristors 104
Contents vii
6.3 Motivation 105
6.4 Experimental Set-Up 105
6.5 Experimental Methodology and Preliminary Validation 106
6.5.1 Experimental Methodology 106
6.5.1.1 Food Items 106
6.5.1.2 Reading Voltage and Current Values 107
6.5.2 Preliminary Validation 107
6.6 Sensitivity Parameters 108
6.6.1 Resistance-Based Sensitivity (S) 108
r
6.6.2 Point Slope-Based Sensitivity (S ) 108
m
6.6.3 Hysteresis-Line Slope Sensitivity 109
6.7 Results and Discussion 110
6.7.1 Category I: Egg Albumin and Milk 110
6.7.2 Category II: Protein Blend 113
6.8 Conclusions and Prospects 114
References 115
7 Design of Low-Power DRAM Cell Using Advanced FET Architectures 119
A. Durgesh and Suman Lata Tripathi
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 1T-DRAM (MOS) 120
7.3 1T-DRAM (CNT-FET) 123
7.4 1T-DRAM (FinFET) 124
7.5 1-T DRAM (TFET) 128
7.6 Conclusion 130
References 131
8 Application of Microwave Radiation in Determination of Quality Sensing
of Agricultural Products 133
Dr. Ravika Vijay, Dr. Nidhi Bhargava and Prof. K. S. Sharma
8.1 Microwave Heating and its Applications to Agricultural Products 133
8.1.1 Principle of Microwave Heating 133
8.1.2 Moisture Sensing 135
8.1.3 Promoting Germination 136
8.1.4 Food Processing 136
8.1.5 Weeds, Insects and Pests Control 136
8.1.6 Product Conditioning 136
8.1.7 Microwave Drying 137
8.1.8 Quality Sensing in Fruits and Vegetables 137
8.2 Measurement Techniques 137
8.2.1 Open-Ended Coaxial Probe – Network Analyzer Technique 138
8.2.2 Network Analyzer 139
8.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Agricultural Products at Different Temperatures 140
8.4 Correlation of Dielectric Properties with Nutrients 148
8.5 Conclusion 151
References 151
viii Contents
9 Solar Cell 155
Dr. Arvind Dhingra
Introduction 155
9.1 History of Solar Cell 155
9.2 Constructional Features of Solar Cell 158
9.3 Criteria for Materials to Be Used in Manufacturing of Solar Cell 158
9.4 Types of Solar Cells 159
9.5 Process of Making Crystals for Solar Cell Manufacturing 160
9.6 Glass 161
9.7 Cell Combinations 161
9.7.1 Series Combination of Solar Cells 161
9.7.2 Parallel Combination of Solar Cells 162
9.7.3 Series-Parallel Combination of Solar Cells 163
9.8 Solar Panels 164
9.9 Working of Solar Cell 165
9.10 Solar Cell Efficiency 166
9.11 Uses/Applications of Solar Cells 166
Conclusion 167
References 167
10 Fabrication of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se )
2
Thin Film Solar Cell 169
Jaymin Ray, Keyur Patel, Gopal Bhatt, Priya Suryavanshi and C. J. Panchal
10.1 Introduction 169
10.2 Device Structure of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell 170
10.3 Fabrication and Characterization of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell 171
10.3.1 Effect of Thermally Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the
Operation of CIGS Solar Cell 174
10.3.2 Effect of Heat Soaks on CIGS/CdS Hetero-Junction 175
10.3.3 Effect of Flash Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the
Performance of CIGS Solar Cell 176
10.3.4 Effect of i-ZnO Film Thickness on the Performance of
CIGS Solar Cell 179
10.4 Conclusion 186
References 186
11 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A Multi-Objective Approach 189
Saumyadip Hazra and Souvik Ganguli
11.1 Introduction 189
11.2 Problem Statement 191
11.2.1 SDM 192
11.2.2 DDM 194
11.3 Methodology 196
11.4 Results and Discussions 197
11.4.1 Results for the Single-Diode Model 198
11.4.2 Results for Double-Diode Model 203