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Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment Edited by Mohammad Saad Alam Mahesh Krishnamurthy First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Mohammad Saad Alam and Mahesh Krishnamurthy individual chapters, the contributors CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC MATLAB® and Simulink® are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® and Simulink® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® and Simulink® software. 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ISBN: 978-0-367-42391-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-01050-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-42392-6 (ebk) Typeset in Times by codeMantra Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................vii Preface.......................................................................................................................ix Editors ....................................................................................................................xiii Contributors .............................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Trends in Electric Vehicles, Distribution Systems, EV Charging Infrastructure, and Microgrids .............................................................1 April Bolduc Chapter 2 Fog Computing for Smart Grids: Challenges and Solutions ................7 Linna Ruan, Shaoyong Guo, Xuesong Qiu, and Rajkumar Buyya Chapter 3 Opportunities and Challenges in Electric Vehicle Fleet Charging Management .......................................................................33 Chu Sun, Syed Qaseem Ali, and Geza Joos Chapter 4 Challenges to Build a EV Friendly Ecosystem: Brazilian Benchmark .........................................................................................73 Ana Carolina Rodrigues Teixeira Chapter 5 Coordinated Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging and Renewable Power Generation Integrated in a Microgrid ...................97 Alberto Borghetti, Fabio Napolitano, Camilo Orozco Corredor, and Fabio Tossani Chapter 6 Energy Storage Sizing for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations .............................................................................................119 I. Safak Bayram, Ryan Sims, Edward Corr, Stuart Galloway, and Graeme Burt Chapter 7 Innovative Methods for State of the Charge Estimation for EV Battery Management Systems ..........................................................143 Zeeshan Ahmad Khan and Franz Kreupl v vi Contents Chapter 8 High-Voltage Battery Life Cycle Analysis with Repurposing in Energy Storage Systems (ESS) for Electric Vehicles .......................181 Mamdouh Ahmed Ezzeldin, Ahmed Alaa-eldin Hafez, Mohamed Adel Kohif, Marim Salah Faroun, and Hossam Hassan Ammar Chapter 9 Charging Infrastructure for Electric Taxi Fleets .............................213 Chandana Sasidharan, Anirudh Ray, and Shyamasis Das Chapter 10 Machine Learning-Based Day-Ahead Market Energy Usage Bidding for Smart Microgrids ..........................................................249 Mohd Saqib, Sanjeev Anand Sahu, Mohd Sakib, and Esaam A. Al Ammar Chapter 11 Smart Microgrid-Integrated EV Wireless Charging Station ..........267 Aqueel Ahmad, Yasser Rafat, Samir M. Shariff, and Rakan Chabaan Chapter 12 Shielding Techniques of IPT System for Electric Vehicles’ Stationary Charging .........................................................................279 Ahmed A. S. Mohamed and Ahmed A. Shaier Chapter 13 Economic Placement of EV Charging Stations within Urban Areas ...................................................................................295 Ahmed Ibrahim AbdelAzim Chapter 14 Environmental Impact of the Recycling and Disposal of EV Batteries ...........................................................................................313 Zeeshan Ahmad Arfeen, Rabia Hassan, Mehreen Kausar Azam, and Md Pauzi Abdullah Chapter 15 Design and Operation of a Low-Cost Microgrid-Integrated EV for Developing Countries: A Case Study .........................................335 Syed Muhammad Amrr, Mahdi Shafaati Shemami, Hanan K. M. Irfan, and M. S. Jamil Asghar Index ......................................................................................................................359 Foreword It is an honor for me to add my comments to a very important book by Dr. Mohammad Saad Alam and Dr. Mahesh Krishnamurthy, Electric Vehicle Integration in Smart Microgrid Environment. Transport electrification, as a response to the global decarbonization goal, has advanced significantly over the decade. The IEA, in its Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Outlook 2020, projects an increase in the global EV stock (excluding two/three wheelers) from around 8 million in 2019 to 50 million by 2025 and close to 140 million vehicles by 2030, constituting about 7% of the global vehicle fleet by 2030. The smooth and successful adoption of projected EVs will require an ecosystem that facilitates the efficient operation of EVs. However, this large-scale integration of EVs with the grid comes with its set of technical and economic challenges. The high penetration of EVs can affect the power quality of the distribution network. Challenges facing the utilities such as power quality issues, proper planning of charging stations, interoperability of charging infrastructure, peak power demand, battery management, etc. are important issues to be addressed. In this edited book, the authors have examined the current energy scenario for microgrids and have discussed the challenges and opportunities due to the increas- ing penetration of distributed power generation systems and EVs into the microgrids. Through the course of 15 chapters, the various aspects of EV integration with the grid are presented – current trends in EV and their charging stations, the opportunities and challenges, EV-connected microgrid planning, power market operation and planning, innovative methods for EV battery management, and economic and environmental impacts. This book is a timely endeavor as it has captured the state-of-the- art technologies and trends in smart microgrid management with EV integration, EV charging infrastructure technologies, smart charging, and deployment. I believe, the contents of this book will expose the readers to subjects that could potentially alter the paradigm for integration of transportation electrification to microgrids and emerging EV charging infrastructure technologies and would serve as a valuable tool and guide to a wide spectrum of stakeholders such as power system architects, practitioners, developers, new researchers, and graduate-level students, especially for developing countries of the Middle East and South East Asia, to pro- duce an even more capable and diverse insight in various domains from smart home, smart cities, industry, business, and consumer applications. I would like to congratu- late Dr. Mohammad Saad Alam and Dr. Mahesh Krishnamurthy for their keen inter- est in the emerging area of integration of EVs with the grid of the future and thank them for their efforts on introducing state-of-the-art topics to all of us. Reji Kumar Pillai President, India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) Chairman, Global Smart Energy Federation (GSEF) vii Preface Electric vehicles (EVs) offer numerous benefits in comparison with traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, including lower operating costs, zero tail-pipe emissions and the potential to run on locally generated renewable energy. Wider adoption of EVs could take us closer to reducing the environmental impacts of the transportation infrastructure and achieving energy independence. Although these are very important goals, several challenges still exist in the wider adoption of EVs that need careful consideration. This leaves considerable scope for research and innovation. Among the current issues being discussed, one of the biggest challenges for automo- tive manufacturers, utilities, and customers is the issue of charging battery for EVs to recreate the "filling a tank" experience without overwhelming an ageing grid. A solution to this problem has been presented in the form of a microgrid concept. The ability to generate, control, and expend energy locally can reduce computational complexity, shorten response times, and create solutions that are cost-effective, while being easier to deploy and maintain. A cursory review of existing literature in the area of grid integration of EVs shows that there are several important aspects that need to be carefully studied. This book provides a technological insight into several of these topics and includes specific case studies that will help the reader identify the context of the present application. With growing acceptance of EVs, it is very important to consider the overall ecosystem in context. Chapter 1 deals with the fundamentals of the EVs, microgrid, and charging infrastructure, starting with energy consumption in charging stations and laying groundwork for integration of renewable energy sources. Chapter 2 explores numerical methods in smart grids. Chapter 2 evaluates fog computing-enabled smart grid applications and identifies key challenges and the possible approaches. In order to evaluate the impact of electrification, it is important to consider fleet operation of EVs. This topic is tackled in Chapter 3. Starting with fundamentals of fleet charging management for EVs, it introduces charging technologies and aggre- gated chargers towards providing V2G services and identifies challenges associated with their deployment. A specific application example is considered in Chapter 9, which presents a holistic overview of electric taxi operations with case studies focus- ing on charging infrastructure. The chapter also provides multi-criterion decision- making tools for the selection of charging technology and sites for fleet charging. A case study for an EV ecosystem in the Brazilian system is studied in Chapter 4, where specific challenges are presented in adoption of EVs in the country. Chapter 5 focuses on the coordinated operation of EVs and renewable energy in a microgrid by studying parking lots equipped with bidirectional charging stations and renewable generation such as photovoltaic (PV) panels and stationary battery storage units. In order to accommodate peak power demand in a microgrid system, stationary energy storage systems are being seen as very strong candidates, which is discussed in Chapters 6–8. Chapter 6 takes a practical outlook and presents criteria for sizing the energy storage system in an EV charging station. It presents case studies to show relationships between energy storage size, grid power, and PEV demand and also ix