Electric power transformer engineering PDF
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ELECTRIC POWER TR ANSFORMER ENGINEERING © 2004 by CRC Press LLC © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Electric power transformer engineering / edited by James H. Harlow. p. cm. — (The Electric Power Engineering Series ; 9) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1704-5 (alk. paper) 1. Electric transformers. I. Harlow, James H. II. title. III. Series. TK2551.E65 2004 621.31(cid:100)4—dc21 2003046134 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. 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Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1704-5 Library of Congress Card Number 2003046134 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Preface Transformer engineering is one of the earliest sciences within the field of electric power engineering, and power is the earliest discipline within the field of electrical engineering. To some, this means that transformer technology is a fully mature and staid industry, with little opportunity for innovation or ingenuity by those practicing in the field. Of course, we in the industry find that premise to be erroneous. One need only scan the technical literature to recognize that leading-edge suppliers, users, and academics involved with power transformers are continually reporting novelties and advancements that would have been totally insensible to engineers of even the recent past. I contend that there are three basic levels of understanding, any of which may be appropriate for persons engaged with transformers in the electric power industry. Depending on day- to-day involvement, the individual’s posture in the field can be described as: • Curious — those with only peripheral involvement with transformers, or a nonprofessional lacking relevant academic background or any particular need to delve into the intricacies of the science • Professional — an engineer or senior-level technical person who has made a career around electric power transformers, probably including other heavy electric-power apparatus and the associated power-system transmission and distribution operations • Expert — those highly trained in the field (either practically or analytically) to the extent that they are recognized in the industry as experts. These are the people who are studying and pub- lishing the innovations that continue to prove that the field is nowhere near reaching a techno- logical culmination. So, to whom is this book directed? It will truly be of use to any of those described in the previous three categories. The curious person will find the material needed to advance toward the level of professional. This reader can use the book to obtain a deeper understanding of many topics. Theprofessional,deeply involved with the overall subject matter of this book, may smugly grin with the self-satisfying attitude of, “I know all that!” This person, like myself, must recognize that there are many transformer topics. There is always room to learn. We believe that this book can also be a valuable resource to professionals. Theexpertmay be so immersed in one or a few very narrow specialties within the field that he also may benefit greatly from the knowledge imparted in the peripheral specialties. The book is divided into three fundamental groupings: The first stand-alone chapter is devoted to Theory and Principles. The second chapter, Equipment Types,contains nine sections that individually treat major transformer types. The third chapter, which contains 14 sections, addresses Ancillary Topicsasso- ciated with power transformers. Anyone with an interest in transformers will find a great deal of useful information. © 2004 by CRC Press LLC I wish to recognize the interest of CRC Press and the personnel who have encouraged and supported the preparation of this book. Most notable in this regard are Nora Konopka, Helena Redshaw, and Gail Renard. I also want to acknowledge Professor Leo Grigsby of Auburn University for selecting me to edit the “Transformer” portion of his The Electric Power Engineering Handbook(CRC Press, 2001), which forms the basis of this handbook. Indeed, this handbook is derived from that earlier work, with the addition of four wholly new chapters and the very significant expansion and updating of much of the other earlier work. But most of all, appreciation is extended to each writer of the 24 sections that comprise this handbook. The authors’ diligence, devotion,and expertise will be evident to the reader. James H. Harlow Editor © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Editor James H. Harlowhas been self-employed as a principal of Harlow Engineering Associates, consulting to the electric power industry, since 1996. Before that, he had 34 years of industry experience with Siemens Energy and Automation (and its predecessor Allis-Chalmers Co.) and Beckwith Electric Co., where he was engaged in engineering design and management. While at these firms, he managed groundbreaking projects that blended electronics into power transformer applications. Two such projects (employing microprocessors) led to the introduction of the first intelligent-electronic-device control product used in quantity in utility substations and a power-thyristorapplication for load tap changing in a step-voltage regulator. Harlow received the BSEE degree from Lafayette College, an MBA (statistics) from Jacksonville State University, and an MS (electric power) from Mississippi State University. He joined the PES Transformers Committee in 1982, serving as chair of a working group and a subcommittee before becoming an officer and assuming the chairmanship of the PES Transformers Committee for 1994–95. During this period, he served on the IEEE delegation to the ANSI C57 Main Committee (Transformers). His continued service to IEEE led to a position as chair of the PES Technical Council, the assemblage of leaders of the 17 technical committees that comprise the IEEE Power Engineering Society. He recently completed a 2-year term as PES vice president of technical activities. Harlow has authored more than 30 technical articles and papers, most recently serving as editor of the transformer section of The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 2001. His editorial contribution within this handbook includes the section on his specialty, LTC Control and Transformer Paralleling.A holder of five U.S. patents, Harlow is a registered professional engineer and a senior member of IEEE. © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Contributors Dennis Allan Scott H. Digby James H. Harlow MerlinDesign Waukesha Electric Systems Harlow Engineering Associates Stafford, England Goldsboro, North Carolina Mentone, Alabama Hector J. Altuve Dieter Dohnal Ted Haupert Schweitzer Engineering Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen TJ/H2b Analytical Services Laboratories, Ltd. GmbH Sacramento, California Monterrey,Mexico Regensburg, Germany William R. Henning Douglas Dorr Gabriel Benmouyal Waukesha Electric Systems EPRI PEAC Corporation Schweitzer Engineering Waukesha, Wisconsin Knoxville, Tennessee Laboratories, Ltd. Longueuil, Quebec, Canada Philip J. Hopkinson Richard F. Dudley HVOLT, Inc. TrenchLtd. Behdad Biglar Charlotte, North Carolina Scarborough, Ontario, Canada TrenchLtd. Scarborough, Ontario, Sheldon P. Kennedy Ralph Ferraro Canada Niagara Transformer Ferraro, Oliver & Associates, Inc. Corporation Knoxville, Tennessee Wallace Binder Buffalo, New York WBBinder Dudley L. Galloway Consultant Galloway Transformer Andre Lux New Castle, Pennsylvania Technology LLC KEMA T&D Consulting Jefferson City, Missouri Raleigh, North Carolina Antonio Castanheira Trench Brasil Ltda. Anish Gaikwad Arindam Maitra Contegem, Minas Gelais, Brazil EPRI PEAC Corporation EPRI PEAC Corporation Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Craig A. Colopy Cooper Power Systems Armando Guzmán Arshad Mansoor Waukesha, Wisconsin Schweitzer Engineering EPRI PEAC Corporation Laboratories, Ltd. Knoxville, Tennessee Robert C. Degeneff Pullman, Washington Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Shirish P. Mehta Paulette A. Payne Leo J. Savio Waukesha Electric Systems Potomac Electric Power ADAPT Corporation Waukesha, Wisconsin Company (PEPCO) Kennett Square, Pennsylvania Washington, DC Harold Moore Michael Sharp H. Moore & Associates Dan D. Perco TrenchLtd. Niceville, Florida Perco Transformer Engineering Scarborough, Ontario, Canada Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada Dan Mulkey H. Jin Sim Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Gustav Preininger Waukesha Electric Systems Petaluma, California Consultant Goldsboro, North Carolina Graz, Austria Randy Mullikin Robert F. Tillman, Jr. Kuhlman Electric Corp. Jeewan Puri Alabama Power Company Versailles, Kentucky Transformer Solutions Birmingham, Alabama Matthews, North Carolina Alan Oswalt Loren B. Wagenaar Consultant America Electric Power Big Bend, Wisconsin Pickerington, Ohio © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Contents Chapter 1 Theory and Principles Dennis Allan and Harold Moore Chapter 2 Equipment Types 2.1 Power Transformers H. Jin Sim and Scott H. Digby 2.2 Distribution Transformers Dudley L. Galloway and Dan Mulkey 2.3Phase-Shifting Transformers Gustav Preininger 2.4 Rectifier Transformers Sheldon P. Kennedy 2.5Dry-Type Transformers Paulette A. Payne 2.6 Instrument Transformers Randy Mullikin 2.7Step-Voltage Regulators Craig A. Colopy 2.8 Constant-Voltage Transformers Arindam Maitra, Anish Gaikwad, Ralph Ferraro, Douglas Dorr, and Arshad Mansoor 2.9Reactors Richard F. Dudley, Michael Sharp, Antonio Castanheira, and Behdad Biglar Chapter 3 Ancillary Topics 3.1 Insulating Media Leo J. Savio and Ted Haupert 3.2Electrical Bushings Loren B. Wagenaar 3.3Load Tap Changers Dieter Dohnal 3.4Loading and Thermal Performance Robert F. Tillman, Jr. 3.5Transformer Connections Dan D. Perco 3.6Transformer Testing Shirish P. Mehta and William R. Henning 3.7 Load-Tap-Change Control and Transformer Paralleling James H. Harlow 3.8Power Transformer Protection Armando Guzmán, Hector J. Altuve, and Gabriel Benmouyal 3.9 Causes and Effects of Transformer Sound Levels Jeewan Puri 3.10Transient-Voltage Response Robert C. Degeneff 3.11 Transformer Installation and Maintenance Alan Oswalt 3.12Problem and Failure Investigation Wallace Binder and Harold Moore 3.13 On-Line Monitoring of Liquid-Immersed Transformers Andre Lux 3.14U.S. Power Transformer Equipment Standards and Processes Philip J. Hopkinson © 2004 by CRC Press LLC
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