Electric Power System Planning: Issues, Algorithms and Solutions

389 Pages·2011·3.64 MB·English

by  Hossein Seifi

Power Systems
For furthervolumes:
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Hossein Seifi Mohammad Sadegh Sepasian
•
Electric Power System
Planning
Issues, Algorithms and Solutions
123
Prof.Hossein Seifi Dr. MohammadSadegh Sepasian
Faculty ofElectrical and Computer PowerandWaterUniversityofTechnology
Engineering PO Box16765-1719
TarbiatModares University Tehran
PO Box14115-194 Iran
Tehran e-mail: [email protected]
Iran
e-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 1612-1287 e-ISSN1860-4676
ISBN 978-3-642-17988-4 e-ISBN978-3-642-17989-1
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17989-1
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
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Preface
One of the largest, or perhaps, the largest scale system ever made, is the electric
grid with its numerous components, called a power system. Over decades, power
systems have evolved to the systems which may cover countries or even
continents.
Fromoneside,thebehaviors,modelingandoperationofthebasiccomponents
of a power system should be understood and recognized. That is why so many
books are published to address such issues.
On the other hand, once the system as a whole is observed, its analysis,
operationandplanningdeservespecialconsiderations.Whileanalysisandtosome
extent, operation of power systems have received attention in literature and in
terms of text books, power system planning is not rich from this viewpoint. This
book is intended to cover this issue.
Whiletheimportanceofpowersystemplanningcannotbeoverstated,writinga
textbookonthisissueisnotaneasytaskduetosome,butnotlimitedto,reasons
as follows
• Planninghorizonisfromshorttolongperiods.Theissuesofconcernarenotthe
same; although some may be similar.
• Utilitiesandexpertsmaythinkofaspecificplanningtermquitedifferently.For
instance, one may think of long-term power system planning to cover 20 years
onward, while the other may consider it as 5–15 years.
• While the basics of say, load flow in a book on power system analysis, or
AutomaticGenerationControl(AGC)inabookonpowersystemoperation,are
essentially the same on similar books, the algorithms and the methodologies
used in power system planning may be utility or even case dependent.
The book is intended to cover long-term issues of power system planning,
mainly on transmission and sub-transmission levels. However, the reader would
readilyrecognizethatsomeofthechaptersmayalsobeusedformid-termoreven
short-term planning, perhaps with some modifications. In terms of the long-term
planning itself, the algorithms presented are mainly so designed that they may be
used for various time frames. However, enough input data should be available;
v
vi Preface
which may be unavailable for very long-term periods. Regarding the methodolo-
gies and the algorithms, the chapters are arranged in a case independent manner
andthealgorithms areformulatedinthewaysthatthereaders can readilymodify
them according to their wishes.
We envision two groups of audiences for this book. The first consists offinal
year BSc or graduate students with a major in power systems. The second group
consists of professionals working in and around the power industry especially in
planning departments.
To bridge the gap between formal learning of the algorithms and deep under-
standingofthematerials,someMatlabM-filecodesaregeneratedandattachedin
Appendix L. They are based on the materials developed within the chapters and
easy to follow. Once referred to any of the above codes within the chapters, it is
shown as [#X.m; Appendix L: (L.Y)], where X stands for M-file name and Y
stands for the relevant section number. These codes may be accessed through the
publisher website, too. They are used to solve some of the examples within and
some of the problems at the end of the chapters. However, we should emphasize
thattheyarenotdesignedascommercialsoftwareandtheinstructorsmayaskthe
students to modify them and the professionals may improve them to meet their
special requirements.
Some numerical examples are solved within the chapters. Although we have
tried to use realistic input parameters, especially economic parameters are quite
casedependent.Thatiswhy,anartificialmonetaryunitabbreviatedas(cid:2)Risusedto
refer to economic values.
We were fortune to make the most benefits of our both academic and profes-
sionalpositionsinpreparingthebook.ThefirstauthorisaprofessoroftheFaculty
of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Tarbiat Modares University (TMU)
(Tehran/Iran).TMUisonlyinvolvedingraduatestudies.Hehassupervisedorhas
under supervision more than 80 MSc and PhD students. At the same time, he has
founded a National Research Center (Iran Power System Engineering Research
Center,IPSERC)asanaffiliatedcentertoTMU,forwhichheisactingasthehead.
Over the last few years, IPSERC has been actively involved in more than 60
strategic planning studies for major Iranian electric utilities. His vast experiences
within IPSERC are properly reflected in various chapters. Some commercial
software is also developed, now used by some of Iranian utilities. The Iranian
electric power industry ranks nearly 8th in the world, in terms of the generation
capacity(roughly57GW,2010)andhisexperiencesarebasedonthisratherlarge
scale system.
The second author is a faculty member at Power and Water University of
Technology(PWUT)andaseniorexpertinIPSERCsinceitsfoundation.PWUTis
affiliatedtotheMinistryofEnergyofthecountrywithvastexperiencesintermsof
practical issues.
Many individuals and organizations have made the writing of this book pos-
sible.WearedeeplygratefultotheexpertsinIranianelectricpowerindustrywho
graciously discussed and helped our understanding of practical issues and their
requirements. We enjoyed marvelous learning opportunity through carrying out
Preface vii
the strategic planning studies for this industry. Mr Rae, Mr Akhavan (both
from Tavanir), Dr Zangene, Mrs Zarduzi (both from Tehran Regional Electric
Utility), Mr Zeraat-Pishe, Mr Asiae (both from Fars Regional Electric Utility),
Mr Arjomand, Mr Torabi, Mr Ghasemi (all from Hormozgan Regional Electric
Utility), Mr Mehrabi (from Yazd Regional Electric Utility), Mrs Ghare-Toghe
(from Mazandaran Regional Electric Utility) are only a few among many others.
Mr Saburi (from Tavanir) provided us some useful data for a part of Chap. 4.
However,weshouldespeciallythankDrAhmadianforhissupportinfounding
IPSERC from the Ministry of Energy viewpoint. Special thanks are due to
MrMohseniKabir,whowasandisstillactingasthedeputyinplanningaffairsof
Tavanir(TavaniristheholdingcompanyofIranianpowerindustry).Besidesvery
useful technical discussions with him, he also greatly helped bridge Tavanir with
IPSERC.
Within IPSERC, many individuals have contributed developing the software;
employedinthestudies,discussingwiththeindustryexperts,etc.Tonameafew,
Dr Akbari, Dr Yousefi, Dr Haghighat, Mr Khorram, Mr Elyasi, Mr Roustaei,
Mrs Hajati, Mr Sharifzadeh, Mr Shaffee-Khah deserve special thanks.
Our gratitude also extends to all others who, somehow, participated in the
development of the book-particularly our students who never cease to ask
challenging questions-and toour friends who offeredencouragement and support.
Mr Daraeepour developed the Matlab M-files codes. Dr Sheikh-al-Eslam,
Dr Akbari, Dr Dehghani, Mr Elyasi, Mrs Hajati, Mr Roustaei, Mr Khorram,
Mr Velayati, Mr Sharif-Zadeh, Mr Karimi reviewed the chapters, solved some
examples, devised some problems and provided us useful suggestions and
comments. Mrs Najafi and Mrs Tehrani did an excellent job in typing the whole
manuscript.
Onenamedeservesspecialgratitude.WedeeplyoweMrElyasiforanexcellent
taskofreviewing,typesetting,organizingthemanuscriptandcarefuleditingofthe
book. He did a really marvelous task in a very nice and efficient manner.
Sincere thanks are due to Prof. Christoph Baumann and his colleagues, from
Springer,fortheirsupportinthepreparationofthebook.Finally,weshouldthank
our families who graciously accepted us as part-time family members during the
course of this book.
We should mention that a review of the chapters is provided in Chap. 1.
Although the book is intended to be a text book, power system planning is a
research-oriented topic, too. That is why; we have also added a chapter, to cover
research issues.
Finally, we should mention that although we have attempted to review the
materials so that they are, hopefully, error free, some may still exist. Please feel
freetoemailusfeedbackincludingerrors,comments,opinions,oranyotheruseful
information. These suggestions from the readers for improving the book clarity
and accuracy will be greatly welcomed.
Tehran, May 2011 Hossein Seifi
Mohammad Sadegh Sepasian

Contents
1 Power System Planning, Basic Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Power System Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Power System Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Power System Studies, a Time-horizon Perspective . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Power System Planning Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.1 Static Versus Dynamic Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.2 Transmission Versus Distribution Planning . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.3 Long-term Versus Short-term Planning. . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.4 Basic Issues in Transmission Planning . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 A Review of Chapters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Optimization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Problem Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 Problem Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 Problem Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Solution Algorithms, Mathematical Versus Heuristic
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 Mathematical Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.2 Heuristic Algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Some Economic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Definitions of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Cash-flow Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.1 Time Value of Money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.2 Economic Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ix