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The Electric Power Engineering Handbook ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATIONS ENGINEERING T H I R D E D I T I O N The Electric Power Engineering Handbook Third Edition Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby Electric Power Transformer Engineering, Third Edition Edited by James H. Harlow Electric Power Substations Engineering, Third Edition Edited by John D. McDonald Power Systems, Third Edition Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby Power System Stability and Control Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby The Electric Power Engineering Handbook ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATIONS ENGINEERING T H I R D E D I T I O N EDITED BY JOHN D. M DONALD C Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20111109 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5639-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Editor ........................................................................................................................ix Contributors .............................................................................................................xi 1 How a Substation Happens ............................................................................1-1 Jim Burke and Anne-Marie Sahazizian 2 Gas-Insulated Substations..............................................................................2-1 Phil Bolin 3 Air-Insulated Substations: Bus/Switching Configurations ...........................3-1 Michael J. Bio 4 High-Voltage Switching Equipment ..............................................................4-1 David L. Harris and David Childress 5 High-Voltage Power Electronic Substations ..................................................5-1 Dietmar Retzmann and Asok Mukherjee 6 Interface between Automation and the Substation .......................................6-1 James W. Evans 7 Substation Integration and Automation ........................................................7-1 Eric MacDonald 8 Oil Containment ............................................................................................8-1 Thomas Meisner 9 Community Considerations ...........................................................................9-1 James H. Sosinski 10 Animal Deterrents/Security .........................................................................10-1 Mike Stine 11 Substation Grounding ..................................................................................11-1 Richard P. Keil 12 Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations .......................................12-1 Robert S. Nowell v vi Contents 13 Seismic Considerations ................................................................................13-1 Eric Fujisaki 14 Substation Fire Protection ...........................................................................14-1 Don Delcourt 15 Substation Communications ........................................................................15-1 Daniel E. Nordell 16 Physical Security of Substations ..................................................................16-1 John Oglevie, W. Bruce Dietzman, and Cale Smith 17 Cyber Security of Substation Control and Diagnostic Systems ..................17-1 Daniel Thanos 18 Gas-Insulated Transmission Line ................................................................18-1 Hermann Koch 19 Substation Asset Management .....................................................................19-1 H. Lee Willis and Richard E. Brown 20 Station Commissioning and Project Closeout ............................................20-1 Jim Burke and Rick Clarke 21 Energy Storage ..............................................................................................21-1 Ralph Masiello 22 Role of Substations in Smart Grids ..............................................................22-1 Stuart Borlase, Marco C. Janssen, Michael Pesin, and Bartosz Wojszczyk Preface The electric power substation, whether generating station or transmission and distribution, remains one of the most challenging and exciting fields of electric power engineering. Recent technological developments have had a tremendous impact on all aspects of substation design and operation. The objective of Electric Power Substations Engineering is to provide an extensive overview of substations, as well as a reference and guide for their study. The chapters are written for the electric power engineering profes- sional for detailed design information as well as for other engineering professions (e.g., mechanical and civil) who want an overview or specific information in one particular area. The book is organized into 22 chapters to provide comprehensive information on all aspects of substations, from the initial concept of a substation to design, automation, operation, physical and cyber security, commissioning, energy storage, and the role of substations in Smart Grid. The chapters are written as tutorials and provide references for further reading and study. A number of the chapter authors are members of the IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) Substations Committee. They develop the standards that govern all aspects of substations. In this way, this book contains the most recent technological developments regarding industry practice as well as industry standards. This book is part of the Electrical Engineering Handbook Series published by Taylor & Francis Group/CRC Press. Since its inception in 1993, this series has been dedicated to the concept that when readers refer to a book on a particular topic, they should be able to find what they need to know about the subject at least 80% of the time. That has indeed been the goal of this book. During my review of the individual chapters of this book, I was very pleased with the level of detail presented, but more importantly the tutorial style of writing and use of photographs and graphics to help the reader understand the material. I thank the tremendous efforts of the 28 authors who were dedicated to do the very best job they could in writing the 22 chapters. Fifteen of the twenty chapters were updated from the second edition, and there are two new chapters in the third edition. I also thank the personnel at Taylor & Francis Group who have been involved in the production of this book, with a special word of thanks to Nora Konopka and Jessica Vakili. They were a pleasure to work with and made this project a lot of fun for all of us. John D. McDonald vii Editor John D. McDonald, PE, is the director of technical strategy and policy development for GE Digital Energy. In his 38 years of experience in the electric utility industry, he has developed power application software for both supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)/energy management system (EMS) and SCADA/distribution management system (DMS) applications, developed distribution automation and load management systems, managed SCADA/EMS and SCADA/DMS projects, and assisted intelligent electronic device (IED) suppliers in the automation of their IEDs. John received his BSEE and MSEE in power engineering from Purdue University and an MBA in finance from the University of California, Berkeley. He is a member of Eta Kappa Nu (electrical engineering honorary) and Tau Beta Pi (engineering honorary); is a fellow of IEEE; and was awarded the IEEE Millennium Medal in 2000, the IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) Excellence in Power Distribution Engineering Award in 2002, and the IEEE PES Substations Committee Distinguished Service Award in 2003. In his 25 years of working group and subcommittee leadership with the IEEE PES Substations Committee, John led seven working groups and task forces who published standards/tutorials in the areas of distribution SCADA, master/remote terminal unit (RTU), and RTU/IED communications pro- tocols. He was also on the board of governors of the IEEE-SA (Standards Association) in 2010–2011, focusing on long-term IEEE Smart Grid standards strategy. John was elected to chair the NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) Governing Board for 2010–2012. John is past president of the IEEE PES, chair of the Smart Grid Consumer Collaborative (SGCC) Board, charter member of the IEEE Brand Ambassadors Program, member of the IEEE Medal of Honor Committee, member of the IEEE PES Region 3 Scholarship Committee, VP for Technical Activities for the US National Committee (USNC) of CIGRE, and past chair of the IEEE PES Substations Committee. He was also the director of IEEE Division VII in 2008–2009. He is a member of the advisory committee for the annual DistribuTECH Conference. He also received the 2009 Outstanding Electrical and Computer Engineer Award from Purdue University. John teaches courses on Smart Grid at the Georgia Institute of Technology, for GE, and for various IEEE PES chapters as a distinguished lecturer of the IEEE PES. He has published 40 papers and articles in the areas of SCADA, SCADA/EMS, SCADA/DMS, and communications, and is a registered profes- sional engineer (electrical) in California, Pennsylvania, and Georgia. ix