Elastic Light Scattering Spectrometry PDF
Preview Elastic Light Scattering Spectrometry
ChengZhiHuang,JianLing,JianWang ElasticLightScatteringSpectrometry Also of Interest AtomicEmissionSpectrometry. AES–Spark,Arc,LaserExcitation Golloch,Joosten,Killewald,Flock,2019 ISBN978-3-11-052768-1,e-ISBN978-3-11-052969-2 ElementalAnalysis. AnIntroductiontoModernSpectrometricTechniques Schlemmer,Balcaen,Todolí,Hinds,2018 ISBN978-3-11-050107-0,e-ISBN978-3-11-050108-7 OrganicTraceAnalysis. Niessner,Schäffer,2017 ISBN978-3-11-044114-7,e-ISBN978-3-11-044115-4 PolymerSurfaceCharacterization. Sabbatini(Ed.),2014 ISBN978-3-11-027508-7,e-ISBN978-3-11-028811-7 Cheng Zhi Huang, Jian Ling, Jian Wang Elastic Light Scattering Spectrometry Authors Prof.Dr.ChengZhiHuang SouthwestUniversity CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences 400715Chongqing PRChina [email protected] Dr.JianLing YunnanUniversity SchoolofChemicalScienceandTechnology Kunming PRChina Prof.Dr.JianWang SouthwestUniversity CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences 400715Chongqing PRChina [email protected] ISBN978-3-11-057310-7 e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-057313-8 e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-057324-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018954461 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de. ©2019SciencePressLtd.andWalterdeGruyterGmbH,Beijing/Berlin/Boston Coverimage:luckyvector/iStock/GettyImagesPlus Typesetting:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd. Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck www.degruyter.com Contents ListofContributingAuthors VII ChengZhiHuang,JianLing,YuanFangLi 1 Introductiontolightscattering 1 YuanFangLi,JianLing 2 Electromagneticwaveandlightscatteringtheory 28 JianLing,ChengZhiHuang 3 Detectionoflightscatteringsignals 59 JianLing,ChengZhiHuang 4 Resonancelightscatteringspectroscopy 82 YunFeiLong,JianLing,QieGenLiao,ChengZhiHuang 5 Lightscatteringspectralprobesoforganicsmallmolecule 105 YunFeiLong,JianWang,JianLing 6 Lightscatteringnanospectralprobes 141 JianWang,JianLing,YueLiu,PengFeiGao 7 Nanolightscatteringspectrometry 181 LiQiangChen,ChengZhiHuang 8 Lightscatteringmicroscopicbioimaging 222 JianWang 9 Lightscatteringspectrometryofinorganicions 241 ZhongDeLiu,JianWang 10 Lightscatteringspectrometryoforganicsmallmoleculesand drugs 263 LiZhang,JianWang 11 Lightscatteringspectrometryofnucleicacids 280 JianLing,YunFeiLong 12 Lightscatteringspectrometryofproteins 300 VI Contents SaiJinXiao,ChengZhiHuang 13 Lightscatteringspectrometryofbioparticles 323 JianWang,KeJunTan 14 Aquaticenvironmentallightscatteringspectrometry 350 XiaoBingPang,YanYin 15 Atmosphericenvironmentallightscatteringspectrometry 375 Index 400 List of Contributing Authors Prof.Dr.ChengZhiHuang Dr.YueLiu SouthwestUniversity ArmyMedicalUniversity CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences CollegeofBasicMedicalSciences 400715Chongqing DepartmentofChemistry PRChina 400038Chongqing [email protected] PRChina Dr.JianLing Dr.PengFeiGao YunnanUniversity SouthwestUniversity SchoolofChemicalScienceandTechnology CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences 650091Kunming 400715Chongqing PRChina PRChina Prof.YuanFangLi Dr.LiQiangChen SouthwestUniversity YunnanUniversity CollegeofChemistryandChemical CollegeofChemicalScienceandTechnology Engineering 650091Kunming 400715Chongqing PRChina PRChina [email protected] Dr.ZhongDeLiu SouthwestUniversity Prof.Dr.YunFeiLong CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences HunanUniversityofScience 400715Chongqing andTechnology PRChina SchoolofChemistryandChemical Engineering Dr.LiZhang 411201Xiangtan NanchangUniversity PRChina DepartmentofChemistry [email protected] 330031Nanchang PRChina QieGenLiao JiangxiAcademyofAgriculturalSciences Dr.SaiJinXiao AgriculturalProductQualitySafetyand EastChinaInstituteofTechnology StandardsInstitute JiangxiKeyLaboratoryof 330200Nanchang MassSpectrometry PRChina andInstrumentation 330013Nanchang Prof.Dr.JianWang PRChina SouthwestUniversity CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences Prof.Dr.KeJunTan 400715Chongqing SouthwestUniversity PRChina CollegeofChemistryandChemical [email protected] Engineering 400715Chongqing PRChina [email protected] https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110573138-201 VIII ListofContributingAuthors Prof.Dr.XiaoBingPang Dr.YanYin NanjingUinversityofInformationScience& NanjingUinversityofInformationScience& Technology Technology SchoolofAtmospericPhysics SchoolofAtmospericPhysics 210044Nanjing 210044Nanjing PRChina PRChina [email protected] Cheng Zhi Huang, Jian Ling, Yuan Fang Li 1 Introduction to light scattering 1.1 Synopsis of light scattering 1.1.1 Light scattering phenomenon Whyistheskyblue?Whyisthedeepseamazarine?Andwhyisthelakegreen?All these questions are concerned with light scattering and its related optical phenomena. Lightscatteringisanopticalnaturalphenomenonthatexistsextensively.Literally, lightscatteringreferstoaphenomenonthatscatterslightinalldirections.Whenthe light passes through an inhomogeneous medium, photons of different wavelengths interactandcollidewiththeinhomogeneousareaofthemedium,scatteringthelightin differentdirections.Therefore,thelightcanbeobservedinotherdirectionsbesidesthe direction of the incident light. For example, in a dark night, when you turn on the electrictorch,you can observe the light cross, and thisisbecause the electrictorch lightisscatteredbythesuspendedparticlesintheair;hence,thelightisvisibletoour eyes.Thelargertheparticles,theclearerwouldbeseenforthesefloatingparticles.Itis becauseoftheexistenceoftheseparticlesresultedinscatteringoftheelectrictorch lightthattheflashlightcouldnotspreadtoinfinity. 1.1.1.1 Lightscatteringactingasanimportantformoflightdecay The same as the light absorption, light scattering also can make the light passing through a medium decay. For example, when a white light passes through water- dilutedmilk,inthedirectionwherethelightadvances,themilkappearspink,while fromthesideandabove,itappearslightblue.Thisisbecausethewhitelightcollides withsmallparticlesinmilkemulsion,causingvariationofdifferentdegreesforthe lightofdifferentwavelengthsfromtheoriginalincidencedirectionofthewhitelight. Ashort-wavelengthlighthasmorevariation,whilealong-wavelengthlighthasless variation. Inopticalpropagation,theflowofphotonsinteractswiththeinhomogeneousarea of a medium, such as an atom, a molecule, molecular aggregates, or particles of differentsizes,andsolightintensitychangesintermsofspatialdistribution,polariza- tionstate,orfrequency.Inotherwords,whenthelightpropagatesthroughamedium, ifthereisanyinhomogeneity,itcanleadtolightscattering.Thus,lightscatteringisa formofinteractionbetweentheflowofphotonsandtheinhomogeneousarea,which widelyexistinnatureandourdailylife. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110573138-001 2 ChengZhiHuang,JianLing,YuanFangLi 1.1.1.2 Propagationofsunlight Propagationoflightcanbeseeninatmosphere,suchasbluesky,whitecloud,rosy cloud, and fog. Either blue sky, beautiful morning light, pretty sunset glow, or a rainbowaftertherain,allthesephenomenaarethecombinedresultoflightscatter- ing,lightreflex,andlightrefraction,producedbytheinteractionsbetweensunlight and atmospheric suspended solids, and gas molecules. Because of this, on cloudy rainy days or in case of fierce dust storm, sunlight hardly reaches the ground. In addition,becauseofthis,evensuperstronglaserbeamcannotpropagatetoinfinity. Whensunlightpassesthroughtheatmosphere,raysofdifferentwavelengthsof the sunlight react with the atmosphere, that is, with floating particles and gas molecules in it. For the fact that the light at different wavelengths has different degreeofscattering,theshorterthewavelength,thelargerthedegreeofscattering is.Ashort-wavelengthlighthasalargerdegreeofscattering;itscattersalloverthe sky,resultinginprettybluecolorofthesky.Asalong-wavelengthlighthasasmaller degreeofscattering,itdirectlypropagatestotheground,andthecolorofthelightis crociororangered.Forthisreason,onasunnynoon,thesunshinesdirectlyatthe groundwith strongshort-wavelength lightscattering,andwe can see thebluesky andnearlywhitesun.Thesunappearswhitebecausethesunlightistoostrong,so that the scattered intensity distributed all over the wave band (white light) is not enough to change the color of the sun. While in both the morning and at night, sunlightreachestheearththroughatmospherewithalargedipangle,therearemuch moreinteractionsbetweenthesunlightandfloatingparticlesandairmoleculesinthe atmosphere,andsotheshorter-wavelengthincludingbluelightandyellowlightare sidescattered,andonlythelonger-wavelengthincludingredlightreachestheearth, makingtheskyblueandthesunyellowtored. When compared withthe wavelengthof a visiblelight, dust,droplet, and other suspendedparticleshavelargersizes.Forexample,PM referstoaparticlewithasize 2.5 smallerorequalto2.5μm;PM referstoaparticlewithasizesmallerorequalto10μm. 10 DiametersofPM andPM arefarlargerthanthewavelengthofthesunlightofvisible 2.5 10 region (360–760 nm). So, when the sunlight passes through the atmosphere and collides with these larger particles, the sunlight is reflected in different directions. Sincethiskindofreflectedlighthasnoselectivityforlightofdifferentwavelength,so theseparticlesreflectwhitelight.Onfoggyandcloudydays,astherearelotsofmist particles,thelightofdifferentwavelengthsisreflectedbytheseparticles,andsothe lightthatreachestheearthappearswhite,andthelightintensityisratherlow. In fact, ananalogical observationcan also be seen when the white light passes throughmilk.Ithasknownthatmilkappearswhitebecauseitcontainsanumberof 100nmcaseinandfatglobuleparticlesoflargediameters.Theseparticlescanequally scatterandreflectthevisiblelightofallwavelengths.Ifthemilkiswell-dilutedwith water,however,largeparticlesarelessandsothereflectedlightisweaker;insucha case,wecanseescatteringofdifferentcolorsindifferentdirectionsofthecontainer.
The list of books you might like
