Eicosanoids in Invertebrate Signal Transduction Systems

290 Pages·1999·17.251 MB·English

by  David W. Stanley

EICOSANOIDS
IN INVERTEBRATE SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION SYSTEMS

EICOSANOIDS
IN INVERTEBRATE SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION SYSTEMS
David W. Stanley
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
Copyright © 2000 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street,
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press,
Chichester, West Sussex
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicaHon Data
Stanley, David W. (David Warren), 1946-
Eicosanoids in invertebrate signal transduction systems / David W. Stanley
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-691-00660-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Eicosanoids—Physiological effect. 2. Cellular signal
transduction. 3. Invertebrates—Physiology. I. Title.
QP752.E53S73 2000
572'.57—dc21 99-25842
This book has been composed in Times Roman
The paper used m this publication meets
the minimum requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997)
(Permanence of Paper)
http://pup.princeton.edu
Printed in the United States of America
1 3 5 7 9 1 0 8 6 4 2
This one is for Terri
(the girl-child),
wife, wise friend;
and for Alec
(the boy-child),
my early morning
companion.

Contents
Foreword by Ralph W. Howard ix
Acknowledgments xi
Chapter 1. Introduction: A Theory of the Biological
Significance of Eicosanoids 3
Chapter 2. Eicosanoid Structures and Biosynthesis 11
The Mammalian Model of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis 12
Chapter 3. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 34
Essential Fatty Acids 34
C20 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Insects 39
The Complete Biosynthesis of 18:2n-6 in Insects 40
Biosynthesis of C20 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 43
Patterns of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism in
Insects 50
Chapter 4. Eicosanoids in the Reproductive Biology of
Invertebrates 55
Eicosanoids in Insect Reproduction 55
Eicosanoids as the Barnacle Hatching Factor 74
Eicosanoids in Scallop Reproduction 79
Prostaglandins in Crayfish Vitellogenesis 82
Prawns 86
Eicosanoids in the Reproduction of Molluscs 87
Prostaglandins Influence Organismal-Level Events through Their
Actions on Cells in the CNS 92
Eicosanoid Actions at the Cellular Level 94
Chapter 5. Eicosanoids in Invertebrate Immunity 109
Eicosanoids in Insect Cellular Immune Reactions to Bacterial
Infections 111
Eicosanoids Mediate Clearance of Injected Bacteria from Insect
HemolymphCirculation 112
Eicosanoids Mediate Nodulation Reactions to Bacterial
Infections 117
Hypothesis: Eieosanoids Mediate Nodulation Reactions to
Bacterial Infections in Most, If Not All, Insect Species 124
The Biochemistry of Eicosanoid Systems in Immune Tissues 133
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 6. Eicosanoids in Invertebrate Ion Transport Physiology 152
Chapter 7. Emerging Eicosanoid Actions 173
Eicosanoids in Invertebrate Temperature Biology 173
Eicosanoids in Insect Peptide Hormone Signal Transduction 178
Eicosanoids in Development and Regeneration in Hydroids 183
Chapter 8. Eicosanoids Mediate Ecological Interactions 188
Eicosanoids in Predator Avoidance 188
Eicosanoids in Host-Parasite Interactions 194
Prostaglandin Biosynthesis Inhibitors in Insect Defensive
Secretions: Do these Compounds Act in Insect Chemical
Ecology? 231
Chapter 9. A Research Prospectus: Approaching the Frontiers 235
How Do Eicosanoids Work? 236
Understanding Departures from the Mammalian Background 237
The Enzymes Associated with Eicosanoids 239
Eicosanoids and Neurobiology 241
The Molecular Biology of Eicosanoids 243
An Epilogue 244
Abbreviations Used in References 245
References 249
Taxonomic Index 273
Subject Index 275
Foreword
THE PACE of discovery of new knowledge in the class of biochemicals
known as eicosanoids has increased at a rapid rate since von Euler's seminal
finding in 1936 that the human prostate gland contains a factor (prostaglan­
dins) that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle. Indeed, the medicinal
and pharmaceutical literature on prostaglandins and other eicosanoids is now
so vast that no single human could hope to absorb all of it. The overwhelm­
ing majority of this literature is focused on human and rat models, and con­
siderable understanding has been achieved on how eicosanoids are synthe­
sized and function in these models. An impressive array of eicosanoids has
been discovered, including prostaglandins, lipoxins, and leukotrienes. The
enzymes responsible for producing these chemicals have been characterized
(including X-ray structures), and the modes of action of many eicosanoid
biosynthesis inhibitors and eicosanoid receptor antagonists have been estab­
lished. In the last ten years, substantial progress has occurred in characteriz­
ing eicosanoid receptors. The molecular biology and genetic characterization
of these systems are also now well under way. This work has already exerted
a major impact on the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries.
Humans and rats, however, constitute just a tiny fraction of the life forms
on this planet. Although a substantial amount of research was generated by
the 1969 report that some corals possess remarkable quantities of eico­
sanoids, almost all of this research was directed toward the economic exploi­
tation of the corals rather than toward efforts to understand why the corals
had these chemicals. A few biologists, however, did begin to ask themselves
such questions and to wonder whether a broader diversity of life might also
be using eicosanoids in its biology. Slowly, but surely, it has now been dem­
onstrated that virtually all life forms contain eicosanoids or closely related
compounds, and that these compounds do indeed exert important biochemi­
cal, physiological, behavioral, and ecological effects in every system that has
been appropriately examined. This book provides the first comprehensive
overview and synthesis of the biological importance of eicosanoids in repre­
sentatives of the invertebrate phyla.
The focus of this volume is the development of Professor David W. Stan­
ley's "biological paradigm" regarding the biological role of eicosanoids in
the evolution of life. Under this model, he postulated that eicosanoids (or
closely related biochemicals) were drawn into various roles as signal trans­
duction moieties very early in cellular life. As these early cellular life forms
evolved into more complex metazoan organisms, individual cells were al­
ready adapted to use eicosanoids as modulators of events. The number and