Efficiency in Complex Systems: Self-Organization Towards Increased Efficiency PDF
Preview Efficiency in Complex Systems: Self-Organization Towards Increased Efficiency
Springer Proceedings in Complexity Georgi Yordanov Georgiev Mahmoud Shokrollahi-Far Editors Efficiency in Complex Systems Self-Organization Towards Increased Efficiency Springer Proceedings in Complexity SpringerProceedingsinComplexitypublishesproceedingsfromscholarlymeetings on all topics relating to the interdisciplinary studies of complex systems science. Springerwelcomesbookideasfromauthors.TheseriesisindexedinScopus. Proposalsmustincludethefollowing: − name,placeanddateofthescientificmeeting − alinktothecommittees(localorganization,internationaladvisorsetc.) − scientificdescriptionofthemeeting − listofinvited/plenaryspeakers − an estimate of the planned proceedings book parameters (number of pages/articles,requestednumberofbulkcopies,submissiondeadline) Submityourproposalsto:[email protected] Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/11637 Georgi Yordanov Georgiev Mahmoud Shokrollahi-Far Editors Efficiency in Complex Systems Self-Organization Towards Increased Efficiency Editors GeorgiYordanovGeorgiev MahmoudShokrollahi-Far PhysicsDepartment UniversityCollegeofNabi-Akram(UCNA) AssumptionUniversity Tabriz,Iran Worcester,MA,USA TilburgUniversity PhysicsDepartment Tilburg,Noord-Brabant,TheNetherlands WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute Worcester,MA,USA ISSN2213-8684 ISSN2213-8692 (electronic) SpringerProceedingsinComplexity ISBN978-3-030-69287-2 ISBN978-3-030-69288-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69288-9 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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GeorgiYordanovGeorgiev Acknowledgments SpecialthankstotheComplexSystemsSociety,whichmadethismeetingpossible asoneofitssatellitesatits2017AnnualConferenceinCancun,Mexico.Thankyou alsotoallpresentersatthemeetingandcontributorstothisvolume,withwhichtheir insightsadvancethesearchfortheGrandUnificationofallprocessesandstructures innature.ThanksgotoSpringerfortheenthusiasmtopublishonsuchcutting-edge topics.Thankstothereader,withoutwhomthisbookwillbeuseless. vii Introduction Complexity has been rediscovered in the search for simplicity. The reductionism, leadingtothesearchforsmallerandsmallerbuildingblocksofnature,hasrevealed that the subatomic world is as emergent and unpredictable as complexity at the largest of scales. This provides the ground for a grand unification of quantum mechanics,andeventuallyquantumgravity,withcomplexitytheory.Bothofthem arestatisticalanddescribesystemsthatareself-organizingandevolving.Quantum entanglement points to structures and organization in systems correlated on long distances.TheCopenhageninterpretationofquantummechanicspointstoapicture where the elementary particles are emergent from the subatomic energy fluctua- tions by interactions. In macroscopic systems, organisms, ecosystems, economies, languages, and engineered systems emerge similarly from the fluctuations of the energyintheprimordialstateoftheirconstituentelementsinmutualinteraction. This book is on the cusp of this grand unification of science, a path towards a true theory of everything, starting from the Planck’s scale to the scale of the Universe, and all of the complex systems in between, such as atoms, molecules, cells,organisms,economies,technologies,civilization,information,consciousness, andallelsethatweseeandwillseearoundus.Atheorywillbeofeverythingifit explainsnotjusttheinteractionofsubatomicparticles,blackholes,andthebigbang, butalsotheexistenceoftheallelsethatwecanobserve,perceive,andunderstand, including us, our thoughts, intelligence, and consciousness, all in one breath, and maybewithoneequation. Why do we think that efficiency underlies all of those processes, and which efficiencyarewetalkingabout?Alleventsinnatureoccurwiththeleastexpenditure ofaction,intermsofenergyandtime.Thismakesthemmostactionefficient.Thatis howallofthephysicallawsarederived.Evenwhenlongertrajectoriesareallowed andpossible,themostactionefficientonesarethosethatarepredominantandthe structureofsystemsissetinsuchawayastoensureactionefficiency,i.e.,toobey thenaturallaws.Conceptually,actionefficiencyisthatthemostpossibleisthemost probable.Ifaprocessoccurswithlowerefficiency,itconsumesmoreresources,and whenthosearescarce,itcannotoccur.Theprocesseswhichoccurmostoftenarethe onesthathavethegreatestchanceforavailabilityofthoseresources,andtherefore ix x Introduction theyaretheonespossibleandmostfrequent.Themoreinefficientaprocessis,the moreimpossibleitbecomes.Thisisthenatureoftheprincipleofleastaction.There is nothing mysterious about it. And, as a first principle, it applies to everything, from the vacuum fluctuations and the smallest building blocks of the universe, to thelargestpossiblesystemsinit.Itisoneofthetruegrandunificationprincipleson allscales.Itguidesthebehaviorofallsystems. Wehopethatthearticlesinthisvolumewillsparkfurtherworkinthisjourney, discussions,connections,collaborations,anddiscoveriesthatwillpavethewayfor amorecompleteunderstandingofnature.Thisisthelargestdreamthatallofushad sincethefirstsparkofconsciousness,sincethefirsttimehumanshadlookedatthe starsandwonderedwhattheyareandwhoweare—asingleunderlyingexplanation forallthatexistsandthatwillexist. Contents OntheOriginofUniversalPatterns ........................................... 1 ArtoAnnila NaturalClassesandNaturalClassification ................................... 11 LauriLehmonenandArtoAnnila TheOperatorTheory:AYardstickforComplexityfromQuarks toMemons—RelationshipswithEvolutionandThermodynamics......... 27 G.A.J.M.JagersopAkkerhuis Self-OrganizationinStellarEvolution:Size-ComplexityRule ............. 53 TravisHermanButlerandGeorgiYordanovGeorgiev TrendsandTechnicalAdvancementsonHigh-EfficiencyElectric Motors:AReview................................................................ 81 JawadFaizandFarbodParvin Predictabilityvs.EfficiencyofLarge-ScaleMulti-AgentSystems.......... 97 PredragT.Tošic´ EfficiencyofGrammarsforNaturalLanguages ............................. 117 ReljaVulanovic´ Self-OrganizingComputationalEfficiencyinQuranicGrammar.......... 129 MahmoudShokrollahi-Far Index............................................................................... 153 xi
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