Efficiency in Complex Systems: Self-Organization Towards Increased Efficiency

161 Pages·2022·12.925 MB·English

by  Georgi Yordanov Georgiev, Mahmoud Shokrollahi-Far

Springer Proceedings in Complexity
Georgi Yordanov Georgiev
Mahmoud Shokrollahi-Far   Editors
Efficiency
in Complex
Systems
Self-Organization Towards Increased
Efficiency
Springer Proceedings in Complexity
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Georgi Yordanov Georgiev
Mahmoud Shokrollahi-Far
Editors
Efficiency in Complex
Systems
Self-Organization Towards Increased
Efficiency
Editors
GeorgiYordanovGeorgiev MahmoudShokrollahi-Far
PhysicsDepartment UniversityCollegeofNabi-Akram(UCNA)
AssumptionUniversity Tabriz,Iran
Worcester,MA,USA
TilburgUniversity
PhysicsDepartment Tilburg,Noord-Brabant,TheNetherlands
WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute
Worcester,MA,USA
ISSN2213-8684 ISSN2213-8692 (electronic)
SpringerProceedingsinComplexity
ISBN978-3-030-69287-2 ISBN978-3-030-69288-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69288-9
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GeorgiYordanovGeorgiev
Acknowledgments
SpecialthankstotheComplexSystemsSociety,whichmadethismeetingpossible
asoneofitssatellitesatits2017AnnualConferenceinCancun,Mexico.Thankyou
alsotoallpresentersatthemeetingandcontributorstothisvolume,withwhichtheir
insightsadvancethesearchfortheGrandUnificationofallprocessesandstructures
innature.ThanksgotoSpringerfortheenthusiasmtopublishonsuchcutting-edge
topics.Thankstothereader,withoutwhomthisbookwillbeuseless.
vii
Introduction
Complexity has been rediscovered in the search for simplicity. The reductionism,
leadingtothesearchforsmallerandsmallerbuildingblocksofnature,hasrevealed
that the subatomic world is as emergent and unpredictable as complexity at the
largest of scales. This provides the ground for a grand unification of quantum
mechanics,andeventuallyquantumgravity,withcomplexitytheory.Bothofthem
arestatisticalanddescribesystemsthatareself-organizingandevolving.Quantum
entanglement points to structures and organization in systems correlated on long
distances.TheCopenhageninterpretationofquantummechanicspointstoapicture
where the elementary particles are emergent from the subatomic energy fluctua-
tions by interactions. In macroscopic systems, organisms, ecosystems, economies,
languages, and engineered systems emerge similarly from the fluctuations of the
energyintheprimordialstateoftheirconstituentelementsinmutualinteraction.
This book is on the cusp of this grand unification of science, a path towards
a true theory of everything, starting from the Planck’s scale to the scale of the
Universe, and all of the complex systems in between, such as atoms, molecules,
cells,organisms,economies,technologies,civilization,information,consciousness,
andallelsethatweseeandwillseearoundus.Atheorywillbeofeverythingifit
explainsnotjusttheinteractionofsubatomicparticles,blackholes,andthebigbang,
butalsotheexistenceoftheallelsethatwecanobserve,perceive,andunderstand,
including us, our thoughts, intelligence, and consciousness, all in one breath, and
maybewithoneequation.
Why do we think that efficiency underlies all of those processes, and which
efficiencyarewetalkingabout?Alleventsinnatureoccurwiththeleastexpenditure
ofaction,intermsofenergyandtime.Thismakesthemmostactionefficient.Thatis
howallofthephysicallawsarederived.Evenwhenlongertrajectoriesareallowed
andpossible,themostactionefficientonesarethosethatarepredominantandthe
structureofsystemsissetinsuchawayastoensureactionefficiency,i.e.,toobey
thenaturallaws.Conceptually,actionefficiencyisthatthemostpossibleisthemost
probable.Ifaprocessoccurswithlowerefficiency,itconsumesmoreresources,and
whenthosearescarce,itcannotoccur.Theprocesseswhichoccurmostoftenarethe
onesthathavethegreatestchanceforavailabilityofthoseresources,andtherefore
ix
x Introduction
theyaretheonespossibleandmostfrequent.Themoreinefficientaprocessis,the
moreimpossibleitbecomes.Thisisthenatureoftheprincipleofleastaction.There
is nothing mysterious about it. And, as a first principle, it applies to everything,
from the vacuum fluctuations and the smallest building blocks of the universe, to
thelargestpossiblesystemsinit.Itisoneofthetruegrandunificationprincipleson
allscales.Itguidesthebehaviorofallsystems.
Wehopethatthearticlesinthisvolumewillsparkfurtherworkinthisjourney,
discussions,connections,collaborations,anddiscoveriesthatwillpavethewayfor
amorecompleteunderstandingofnature.Thisisthelargestdreamthatallofushad
sincethefirstsparkofconsciousness,sincethefirsttimehumanshadlookedatthe
starsandwonderedwhattheyareandwhoweare—asingleunderlyingexplanation
forallthatexistsandthatwillexist.
Contents
OntheOriginofUniversalPatterns ........................................... 1
ArtoAnnila
NaturalClassesandNaturalClassification ................................... 11
LauriLehmonenandArtoAnnila
TheOperatorTheory:AYardstickforComplexityfromQuarks
toMemons—RelationshipswithEvolutionandThermodynamics......... 27
G.A.J.M.JagersopAkkerhuis
Self-OrganizationinStellarEvolution:Size-ComplexityRule ............. 53
TravisHermanButlerandGeorgiYordanovGeorgiev
TrendsandTechnicalAdvancementsonHigh-EfficiencyElectric
Motors:AReview................................................................ 81
JawadFaizandFarbodParvin
Predictabilityvs.EfficiencyofLarge-ScaleMulti-AgentSystems.......... 97
PredragT.Tošic´
EfficiencyofGrammarsforNaturalLanguages ............................. 117
ReljaVulanovic´
Self-OrganizingComputationalEfficiencyinQuranicGrammar.......... 129
MahmoudShokrollahi-Far
Index............................................................................... 153
xi