EFFECTS OF TWO MARKER PLACEMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS METHODS ON RUNNING GAIT ...

156 Pages·2010·1.85 MB·English

EFFECTS OF TWO MARKERPLACEMENTAND DATAANALYSIS METHODS
ONRUNNING GAIT ANALYSIS
by
JAMES N.M. BECKER
A THESIS
Presentedto the DepartmentofHumanPhysiology
and the Graduate School ofthe University ofOregon
inpartial fulfillment ofthe requirements
for the degree of
MasterofScience
March 2010
ii
"Effects ofTwo MarkerPlacementand DataAnalysis Methods onRunning Gait
Analysis," athesis prepared by JamesN.M. Becker inpartial fulfillment ofthe
requirements for the MasterofScience degree inthe DepartmentofHumanPhysiology.
This thesis has beenapprovedand accepted by:
Dr. Li-ShanChou, Chair ofthe Examining Committee
Date
Committee in Charge: Dr. Li-Shan Chou, Chair
Dr. Louis Ostemig
Dr. Stanley James
Accepted by:
Deanofthe Graduate School
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© 2010 JamesN.M. Becker
IV
An Abstract ofthe Thesis of
James N.M. Becker for the degree of Master ofScience
in the Department ofHuman Physiology to be taken March 2010
Title: EFFECTS OF TWO MARKERPLACEMENTAND DATAANALYSIS
METHODS ON RUNNING GAIT ANALYSIS
Approved:
Dr. Li-Shan Chou
This study evaluated the effects oftwo marker placementmethods and two data
analysis methods on running gait analysis. Markers placed on the shoe heel counterwere
compared with markers placed directly onthe calcaneous and visible through heel
windows cut into the shoe. When analyzed using atraditional group design no
significantdifferences were found betweenmarker conditions for rear foot eversion
excursion, percent stance at which peak eversion occurred, maximal instantaneous
eversion velocity, ormaximal instantaneous vertical loading rate. Ankle frontal plane
variabilitywas significantly different between conditions. When analyzed with a single
subject design some individuals demonstrated significant differences between conditions
while others did not. In some individualsthe heel windows conditionrevealed previously
masked coupling parameters thoughtto be related to injury. The results ofthis study
suggest the heel windows method and single subject analysis should be used for a
longitudinal study ofrunners.
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CURRICULUMVrTAE
NAME OF AUTHOR: James Nicholas MacksoudBecker
PLACE OF BIRTH: Boston, MA
DATE OF BIRTH: 07/17/1979
GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED:
University ofOregon, Eugene, Oregon
Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont
DEGREES AWARDED:
Master ofScience, Human Physiology, March 2010, University ofOregon
BachelorofArts, Geography, June 2002, Middlebury College
AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST:
Biomechanical contributorsto running related injuries
Applying biomechanical analyses to improve sports performance
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
Graduate Teaching Fellow, University ofOregon, Eugene, Oregon, 2009-2010
High School Science Teacher, Vergennes UnionHigh School, Vergennes,
Vermont, 2003-2007
Head CoachTrack& Field and Cross CountryTeams, Vergennes Union High
School, Vergennes, Vermont, 2002-2007
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This workwould nothave beenpossiblewithoutthe supportofthethree members
ofmy committee. Iwould liketo thankDr. Li-ShanChoufor providingthe support,
guidance, andfreedom indesignwhich allowedthis projectto cometo fruition. Iwould
also liketo thankDr. Louis Osternig for his feedbackwhile developingthe study and his
help inthepreparationofthismanuscript. Lastly, I would especially liketo thankDr. Stan
James for donatinghis time to performthe clinical exams inthis study, for his feedback
and ideas, and forhis helpinimagining future directions following this work.
Iwould also liketo acknowledgethe contributions andhelpofmy labmates Scott
Breloff, Betty Chen, Shiu-LingChiu, Masahiro Fujimoto, and Vipul Lugade. Thankyou
all for yourhelp, insight, support, and general friendship. Thank youto SteveLaurieand
ColinWallacefortheirhelpindeveloping andtesting the protocolsused inthis study.
Finally, Iwishto extend a bigthank youto Hilary Senesac. Withoutherhelp and
supportthisprojectneverwouldhave gottenoffthe ground. Fromprotocoltestingto data
collectionto preparingforthe oral defense, thisprojectwouldnothavehappened without
your constantsupport, encouragement, and understanding. Thankyou.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Running Injuries: Incidence and Costs 1
Retrospective Studies onPossible Causes ofRunning Injuries.......... 3
LowerLimb Kinematics DuringRunning............................................................. 6
Relationship BetweenRear FootKinematics and Running Injuries 8
Measuring RearFootMotion................................................................................. 10
Purposes and Hypotheses ofthe Study.................................................................. 16
II. METHODS.............................................................................................................. 19
Subjects.................................................................................................................. 19
Experimental Instruments...................................................................................... 19
Dynamometer................................................................................................... 19
ForcePlates 20
Motion Capture System.................. 20
DataCollectionand Experimental Procedures 20
Muscle Strength Measurements............................ 20
Clinical Exam.... 23
Motion Analysis............................................................................................... 24
DataAnalysis.... 27
Statistical Analysis..................................... 29
III. RESULTS 32
SubjectData........................................................................................................... 32
Heel Windows Dimensions.................................................................................... 33
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Chapter Page
Running Speed 35
Kinematic Variables Results.................................................................................. 37
IV. DISCUSSION........................................................................................................ 60
Variability ofAnkle JointInversionEversion Angles........................................... 62
The Subject Sample as a Potential Source ofNon-Significance 64
Kinematic and Kinetic Parameters......................................................................... 66
Uncontrolled Factors.............................................................................................. 67
DataAnalysis Methods 70
V. SINGLE SUBJECT DESIGN 75
Background and Rational....................................................................................... 75
Single SubjectDesignMethods......... 81
VI. SINGLE SUBJECTRESULTS 87
Subjects 87
Graphical Results................................................................................................... 89
Statistical Analysis Results... 92
VII. SINGLE SUBJECT ANALYSIS DISCUSSION 100
Appropriateness ofUsing Statistical Analysis....................................................... 101
Kinematic Differences Revealed with Heel Windows and Single Subject
Analysis...... 103
Differences inMaximal Instantaneous Vertical Loading Rates............................ 106
VIII. CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS, FUTURE DIRECTIONS........................... 109
Conclusions............................................................................................................ 109
Limitations 111
IX
Chapter Page
Future Directions...... 113
APPENDICES 114
A. SUBJECT INFORMED CONSENTFORM...... 114
B. CLINICALEVALUATION FORM 117
C. METHODOLOGY FORESTABLISHING THE ANATOMIC AND
TRACKING MARKER COORDINATE SySTEMS 121
BIBLIOGRAPHY 133
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LISTOF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Schematic illustrationofwherethe measurements were takenforthe
archheight index............................................................................................... 24
2. The markers usedto develop the anatomic coordinate system 30
3. Picture ofthe heel windows markerplacement and setup ofthe heel
windows............................................................................................................. 31
4. Example left sagittal plane ankle angles 41
5. Exampleright sagittal plane ankle angles 41
6. Example frontal plane ankle angles................................................................... 42
7. Example right frontal plane ankle angles 42
8. Example left transverse plane ankle angles....................................................... 43
9. Example righttransverse plane ankle angles 43
10. Example left sagittal plane knee angles 44
11. Example right sagittal planeknee angles. 44
12. Example left frontal planeknee angles 45
13. Example rightfrontal plane knee angles........ 45
14. Example lefttransverse planeknee angles 46
15. Example righttransverse plane knee angles...................................................... 46
16. Example left sagittal planehip angles........... 47
17. Example right sagittal plane hip angles............................................................. 47
18. Example left frontal planehip angles 48
19. Example right frontal planehip angles.............................................................. 48
20. Example lefttransverse plane hip angles 49
21. Example righttransverse plane hip angles 49
22. Example left limb vertical ground reactionforces normalizedto body
weight................................................................................................................ 50
23. Example right limb vertical groundreaction forces normalizedto body
weight................................................................................................................ 50