Effects of hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes on nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes and estuaries

330 Pages·1994·8.2 MB·English

by  Chen, Xinjian

EFFECTSOFHYDRODYNAMICSANDSEDIMENTTRANSPORT
PROCESSESONNUTRIENTDYNAMICSINSHALLOWLAKESAND
ESTUARIES
By
XinjianChen
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAIN
PARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTS
FORTHEDEGREEOFDOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
1994
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstofall,Iwouldliketoexpressmyverydeepappreciationtothechairman
ofmyadvisorycommittee,ProfessorPeterY.Sheng,forhisadvice,encouragement,
andfinancialsupport.
SpecialthanksareextendedtoProfessorsAshishJ.Mehta,D.MaxSheppard,
RobertJ.Thieke,andK.RameshReddyforservingasthemembersofmydoctoral
advisorycommittee,revisingthedissertationandattendingthefinalexam.Thanks
arealsoduetoProfessorsRobertG.Dean,HsiangWang,MichelK.Ochi,andDaniel
M.HanesfortheirteachingeffortsduringmystudyinGainesville.Countlesspieces
ofhelpprovidedbyMr.SubarnaMalakarandMr.SidneySchofieldinsolvingmy
computerproblemsareappreciated.
IamalsogratefultoProfessorsWernerZielkeandMarkMarkofskyoftheInstitut
furStromungsmechanikderUniversitatHannoverforintroducingmetothefieldof
sedimenttransportandwaterqualitymodelingandprovidingfinancialsupportduring
mystayinGermany.
Finally,Iwouldliketothankmywife,parents,andparents-in-lawfortheirlove,
supportandpatienceduringthisstudy.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
LISTOFFIGURES vi
LISTOFTABLES xiv
ABSTRACT xvi
CHAPTERS
1 I11..N12TRSSOttuuDddUyyCBOTbaIjceOkcgNtriovuesnd 411
1.3 OutlineofPresentation 8
2 NUTRIENTDYNAMICSINLAKESANDESTUARIES 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 PhosphorusDynamicsinLakesandEstuaries 13
2.3 NitrogenDynamicsinLakesandEstuaries 20
2.4 AlgalandZooplanktonGrowth 29
22..56 EEffffeeccttssooffHTyedmrpoedryantuarmeicasndanLdigShetdiImnetenntsiPtryocoenssNeustroinenNtutDryiennatmiDcysnam.i.cs3357
2.7 Conclusions 42
3 HESYTDURAORDIYENSAMICSANDSEDIMENTDYNAMICSINLAKESAND 44
33..12 WCiarvceulaBtoiuonndaryLayer 4449
3.3 TurbulentMixing 55
3.4 SedimentDynamics 64
4 MTORDAENLSIPNOGRTTHPREOHCYEDSSREOSDYNAMICSANDSEDIMENT 84
4.1 GoverningEquations 84
4.2 BoundaryandInitialConditions 88
4.3 ModelParameters 91
4.4 NumericalSolutionAlgorithm 98
5 MODELINGNUTRIENTDYNAMICS 99
5.1 GoverningEquations 99
5.2 BoundaryandInitialConditions 104
5.3 ModelingNutrientTransformationProcesses 107
5.4 ModelParameters 113
5.5 NumericalSolutionAlgorithm 121
6 FIELDDATACOLLECTEDINLAKEOKEECHOBEE 126
6.1 PhysicalSetting 126
6.2 FieldMeasurements 127
6.3 1989SpringSurvey 134
6.4 1993SpringShort-TermSurvey 139
7 MODELAPPLICATIONSTOLAKEOKEECHOBEE 143
7.1 Modelingofthe1993StormEvent 143
7.2 1-DSimulationsof1989SpringSurvey 150
77..34 3S-uDmmSaimruylationsof1989SpringSurvey 210604
8 FIELDDATACOLLECTEDINTAMPABAY 204
8.1 PhysicalSetting 204
888...234 FAAieSSlttdooMrremmaEEsvvueernnettmeiinnntFMseabrrcuha,ry1,9913992 222010807
9 MODELAPPLICATIONSTOTAMPABAY 212
9.1 Modelingthe1992StormEvent 212
9.2 Modelingthe1993StormEvent 216
9.3 Conclusions 219
10CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS 225
10.1Conclusions 225
10.2Recommendations 228
BIBLIOGRAPHY 229
APPENDICES
A COMPUTINGPRESSUREGRADIENTSFROMCURRENTDATA .. 246
B FLOWCHARTSOFTHE3-DMODELSYSTEM 248
C NUMERICALSOLUTIONALGORITHMSINHYDRODYNAMICAND
SEDIMENTTRANSPORTMODELS 250
C.l 3-DHydrodynamicsModel 250
C.2 1-DHydrodynamicsModel 252
C.3 3-DSedimentTransportModel 253
C.4 NumericalStability 254
D FIELDDATAOF1989SPRINGSURVEYINLAKEOKEECHOBEE .. 256
E FIELDDATAOF1993SPRINGSTORMEVENTINLAKEOKEECHOBEE282
F 3RUNSFOR1993SPRINGSTORMEVENTINLAKEOKEECHOBEE 286
G FIELDDATACOLLECTEDINTAMPABAY 295
H DETERMININGMODELCOEFFICIENTS 307
H.l 1-DSimulationofLakeOkeechobeePhosphorusDynamics 307
HH..23 31--DDSSiimmuullaattiioonnooffTLaakmepaOkBeaecyhNoibtereogPehnosDpyhnoarmuiscsDynamics 330088
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 310
LISTOFFIGURES
2.1 Ntruatnrsipeonrttdpyrnoacmeisscessainndlatkheesraenledvaensttuhayridersodynamicsandsediment 12
2.2 Thetwo-filmmodelforthevolatilization 29
2.3 Relativegrowthrateofalgaeinaphosphoruslimitingaquatic
system 31
3.1 C(rfirtoimcaMlasah,ea1r98s6t)ressesforerosionwithandwithoutwaveaction 50
3.2 Stieotnt,liwnigthvefllooccictuylaatsioanofcucnucrtriionngoaftshuisgphecnodnecdensterdatiimoennst(caoftnecrenHtwraa-ng
andMehta,1989) 71
3.3 Erosionrateversusbottomshearstress(afterLavelleetal.,1984;
thenumbersarefordifferentsedimentsandareexplainedinLavelle
eta/.,1984) 78
4.1 oAftSytpaitciaolnbCed(adfetnesritHywparnofgilaenfdroMmehLtaak,e1O9k8e9e)chobeeinthevicinity 96
6.1 MajorfeaturesofLakeOkeechobee(afterShengetal,1989a). . 128
6.2 BathymetryofLakeOkeechobee(afterShengetal.,1989a).... 129
6.3 BottomsedimenttypesofLakeOkeechobee(afterReddyand
Graetz,1989) 130
6.4 MudThicknessinLakeOkeechobee(afterHwangandMehta,1989).131
6.5 Aportableplatformforfieldmeasurements 133
6.6 LocationsofsynopticstationsinLakeOkeechobeeduringthe1989
SpringSurvey 136
6.7 Spectraofmeasuredcurrent,windspeed,andSSCatStationC
inLakeOkeechobee 140
7.1 Modelresultsofu-velocities,v-velocities,andsuspendedsediment
c(oLnacyeenrtr3a)tiatonsStaattiotnheL0m0i2ddilneLlaakyeerO(kLeaeycehrob2e)eadnudritnhgetthoepsltaoyremr
eventinFebruary,1993 145
VI
7.2 CDoOrrealnadtiToPncmoeefafsiucrieendtsatbeSttwaetieonnDLO002anidnSLaRkPe,ODkOeeacnhdobTeDePd,urainndg
thestormeventinFebruary,1993 148
7.3 MeasuredandsimulatedSRPofarunwithadjustedpHatthe
toplayeratStationL002inLakeOkeechobeeduringthestorm
eventinFebruary,1993 151
7.4 MeasuredandsimulatedTDPofarunwithadjustedpHatthe
toplayeratStationL002inLakeOkeechobeeduringthestorm
eventinFebruary,1993 152
7.5 MeasuredandsimulatedTPofarunwithadjustedpHatthetop
layeratStationL002inLakeOkeechobeeduringthestormevent
inFebruary,1993 153
7.6 MeasuredandsimulatedSSCatStationCduringweek2ofthe
1989SpringSurveyinLakeOkeechobee 155
7.7 MeasuredandsimulatedSSCatStationDduringweek2ofthe
1989SpringSurveyinLakeOkeechobee 156
7.8 MeasuredandsimulatedSSCatStationEduringweek2ofthe
1989SpringSurveyinLakeOkeechobee 157
7.9 SettlingvelocityobtainedfromlaboratorybyHwangandMehta
(1989)andthemodifiedsettlingvelocityconsideringtheshear
stresseffect 160
7.10 Comparisonofmodelresultsofsuspendedsedimentconcentration
usingtwodifferentsettlingvelocityformula 161
7.11 WReeseuklts2oofftMhoen1t9e89CaSrplroinsgimSuulravteiyonisnoLfakSeSCOkaetecShtoabtieoenCduring 163
7.12 Contoursoftheroot-mean-squareerroroftheMonteCarlosim-
ulationsofSSCatStationCduringweek2ofthe1989Spring
SurveyinLakeOkeechobee 164
7.13 ResultsofthelutocliuesimulationatStationCduringathree-day
eventinthe1989SpringSurveyinLakeOkeechobee 165
7.14 eSvSeCntprionfiWleeseikn2thoefltuhtoecl1i9n8e9sSipmurliantgioSnuravteSytaitniLoankCedOukreiencghaob3e-ed.ay. 166
7.15 ACartesiangridsystemforthe3-DsimulationofLakeOkeechobee
hydrodynamics,sediment,andnutrientdynamics 167
7.16 tMieoansCuriendLaankdepOrkeedeicchteodbesei.gniMfoicdaenltwpaarvaemheetiegrhstiannSdMpeBrimooddaetlShtaas-
beenadjusted 170
vu
7.17 Contoursofwave-inducedbottomshearstressfromthe1-DTKE
model 172
7.18 Comparisonofmodel(1-DTKE)resultsofbottomshearstresses
inducedbyasinglewavetothoseinducedbygroupwaves. ... 174
7.19 cSeinmturlaattieodnsua-tveSlotcaittiioens,Cv-ovfelLoackietieOsk,eeacnhdosbuesepfeonrdmedMaseydi2m1entotJcuonne-
16,1989 176
7.20 Sceinmturlaattieodnsua-tvelSotcaittiioens,Dv-ovfelLoackiteieOsk,eaencdhosbuesepfeonrdmedMaseydi2m1etnotJcuonne-
16,1989 177
7.21 Sceinmturlaattieodnsua-tveSlotcaittiioens,Ev-ovfelLoackietieOsk,eeacnhdosbuesepfeonrdmedMaseydi2m1etnotJcuonne-
16,1989 178
7.22 Spatialdistributionofsimulatedsuspendedsedimentconcentra-
otfioMnaaytt2h7e,t1o9p89andthebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoon 179
7.23 Spatialdistributionofsimulatedsuspendedsedimentconcentra-
tionatthetopandthebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoon
ofJune3,1989 180
7.24 Spatialdistributionofsimulatedsuspendedsedimentconcentra-
tionatthetopandthebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoon
ofJune10,1989 181
7.25 Spatialdistributionofsimulatedsuspendedsedimentconcentra-
tionatthetopandthebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoon
ofJune16,1989 182
7.26 tSphaetbiaolttdiosmtrliabyuetrisonofofLsaikmeulOakteeedchSoRbPeecoantcennotornatoifonMaatyth27e,to1p98a9n.d. 183
7.27 SpatialdistributionofsimulatedSRPconcentrationatthetopand
thebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoonofJune3,1989. . 184
7.28 SpatialdistributionofsimulatedSRPconcentrationatthetopand
thebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoonofJune10,1989. 185
7.29 SpatialdistributionofsimulatedSRPconcentrationatthetopand
thebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoonofJune16,1989. 186
7.30 StphaetibaolttdiosmtrliabyuetrisonofofLaskiemuOlkaeteedchToPbeceonatcennotroantioofnMaatyth2e7,to1p98a9.nd. 187
7.31 tShpaetbiaolttdiosmtrliabyuetrisonofofLaskiemuOlkaeteedchToPbeceonatcennotroantioofnJautneth3e,t1o9p89a.nd. 188
7.32 SpatialdistributionofsimulatedTPconcentrationatthetopand
thebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoonofJune10,1989. 189
7.33 SpatialdistributionofsimulatedTPconcentrationatthetopand
thebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoonofJune16,1989. 190
7.34 CorrelationsamongSSC,SRP,andTPinthesynopticdataand
the3-Dmodelresultsforthe1989synopticsurveyinLakeOkee-
chobee 193
7.35 TimeseriesofsimulatedSSC,SRP,andTPatStationCofLake
Okeechobeeduringthe1989SpringSurvey 195
7.36 fMloudxeeslarnesdulStsRPoftmiamsessienrieLsakofesOekdeiemcehntobaeneddPuIrPinrgestuhsepe1n9s8i9onS/pdreipnogsition
Survey. 196
7.37 StOipkoaentesi)cahlSoRbdiPesetcraoitnbcunetonitoornnatooiffoMnsaiamytutl2ha7et,et1do9p8(9awintdhthteheboWtAtoSmPlatyerrasnsoffoLramka-e 199
7.38 SpatialdistributionofsimulatedSRPconcentration(bythe3-D
mboodtetlomdleavyeelrospoefdLbaykeDOickkeiencshoonbeeetaatl,no19o9n2)ofaMtatyhe27t,op198a9n.d.t.he. 201
8.1 LocationofTampaBayandtheexperimentstations(afterSheng
etal,1993b) 205
9.1 SignificantwaveheightscalculatedfromSMBmodelforthetime
periodofthe1992stormevent 213
9.2 MatodSetaltireosnulAtsdoufriu-nvgeltohceitsyt,ovr-mveelvoceintty,ofan1d99s2edimentconcentration 215
9.3 tChoempsatroirsmoenveofntmoodfe1l99re2sualttsStoaftNioHnfA-Nandmeasureddataduring 217
9.4 MNodduerlinregsutlhtessoftorremsuesvpeenntsioofn1f9lu9x2esatofS(taa)tisoendiAmentsand(b)NHf~ 218
9.5 aMtodSetaltireosnulAtsdoufrui-nvgeltohceitsy,tovr-mveelvoceintty,ofan1d99s3edimentconcentration 220
9.6 MatodSetaltiroesnulBtsdoufriun-vgeltohceitsyt,ovr-mveelvoceintty,ofan1d99s3edimentconcentration 221
9.7 tChoempsatroirsmoenveonftmoodfe1l99re3sualttsStoaftNioHn}A-Nandmeasureddataduring 222
9.8 MNodduerlinregsutlhtessoftorremsuesvpeenntsioofn1f9lu9x3esatofS(taa)tisoendiAmentsand(b)NH%- 223
9.9 AAdtuesrtinrgunthweitshtozremroevdeenstoropfti1o9n92rateofammoniumNatStation 224
B.l Flowchartofthe3-Dmodelsystemofhydrodynamics,sediment
transport,andnutrientdynamicsinlakesandestuaries 248
B.2 Flowchartofthe3-Dsubmodelfornutrientdynamics 249
D.l MeasuredwindatStationAinLakeOkeechobeefromMay21to
June16,1989 256
D.2 MeasuredwindatStationBinLakeOkeechobeefromMay21to
June16,1989 257
D.3 MeasuredwindatStationCinLakeOkeechobeefromMay21to
June16,1989 258
D.4 MeasuredwindatStationDinLakeOkeechobeefromMay21to
June16,1989 259
D.5 MeasuredwindatStationEinLakeOkeechobeefromMay21to
June16,1989 260
D.6 cMeenatsruatrieodnsu-avtelSotcaittiieosn,Av-fverloomcitMiaesy,2a1ndtosJusupneen1d6e,d1s9e8d9imentcon- 261
D.7 Measuredu-velocities,v-velocities,andsuspendedsedimentcon-
centrationsatStationBfromMay21toJune16,1989 262
D.8 cMeenatsruatrieodnsu-avtelSotcaittiieosn,Cv-vferloomcitMiaesy,2a1ndtosJuusnpeen1d6e,d1s9e8d9imentcon- 263
D.9 cMeenatsruartieodnsu-avtelSotcaittiieosn,Dv-vferloomcitMiaesy,2a1ndtosJusupneend16e,d1s9e8d9imentcon- 264
D.10 cMeenatsruatrieodnsu-avtelSotcaittiieosn,Ev-fverloomcitMiaesy,2a1ndtosJuusnpeen1d6e,d1s9e8d9imentcon- 265
D.ll Mceenatsruartieodnsu-avtelSotcaittiieosn,Fv-fverloomcitMiaesy,2a1ndtosJuusnpeen1d6e,d1s9e8d9imentcon- 266
D.12 Contoursofsynopticdataofsuspendedsedimentconcentrations
aMtaythe21t,op19a89ndthebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoonof 267
D.13 Contoursofsynopticdataofsuspendedsedimentconcentrations
aMtaythe27t,op19a89ndthebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoonof 268
D.14 Contoursofsynopticdataofsuspendedsedimentconcentrations
atthetopandthebottomlayersofLakeOkeechobeeatnoonof
June3,1989 269