Effects of Habitat Disturbance on Distribution and Abundance of Papyrus Endemic Birds in Sio Port

75 Pages·2016·1.93 MB·English

EFFECTS OF HABITAT DISTURBANCE ON DISTRIBUTION AND
ABUNDANCE OF PAPYRUS ENDEMIC BIRDS IN SIO PORT SWAMP,
WESTERN KENYA

By

Stellah Nekesa Wanyonyi (B.Ed Science, Nairobi)
(Reg. No. I56/80824/2012)

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of
the Degree of Master of Science (Biology of Conservation) in the School of
Biological Sciences,

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

May 2015

i
DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for examination in
any other University for the award of a degree.
________________________________ _______________________
Stellah Nekesa Wanyonyi Date
(Reg. No. I56/80824/2012)

SUPERVISORS
This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university
supervisors.
________________________________ _______________________
Dr. Evans Mwangi Date
School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi

________________________________ _______________________
Prof. Nathan Gichuki Date
School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi

ii
DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my family and the community in Sio Port swamp.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to sincerely thank my supervisors; Dr. Evans Mwangi, Prof. Nathan Gichuki and Prof.
Agnes Muthumbi for their effort and time to share knowledge with me.
I would also like to thank the following: Mr. Martin Odino from National Museums of Kenya
for working as my research assistant throughout the research period; Mr. Mutiso the plant
identification specialist at the University of Nairobi Herbarium for assisting in the
identification of plant specimens collected from Sio Port Swamp; Mr. Elisha Were for
offering a camping site and taking me around the swamp in a canoe; Sio Port Community at
large for their warm welcome.
I appreciate the efforts put in by my colleagues, family and friends.
Lastly, I thank the almighty God for the gift of life, health and knowledge.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION...................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION........................................................................................................................ iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ v
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS ........................................................... xi
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ xii

CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Literature review .................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Papyrus swamps in East Africa......................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Papyrus utilization in East Africa ..................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Papyrus swamp bird species ............................................................................................. 6
1.2.4 Other wildlife .................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.5 Effect of anthropogenic disturbances on papyrus swamps ............................................... 7
1.2.6 Justification ....................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.7 Main objective .................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.8 Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 10
1.2.9 Hypothesis....................................................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................... 11
STUDY AREA, MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................. 11
2.1 Study area........................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Location and size ............................................................................................................ 11
2.1.2 Ecosystem services and products...................................................................................11
2.1.3 Climatic conditions ......................................................................................................... 13
2.1.4 Natural vegetation ........................................................................................................... 13
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2.1.5 Wildlife resources ........................................................................................................... 13
2.1.6 Socio-economic activities ............................................................................................... 14
2.2 Study species ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Materials and methods ....................................................................................................... 18
2.3.1 General methods ............................................................................................................. 19
2.3.2 Specific methods ............................................................................................................. 21
2.4 Data analysis ...................................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 25
RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Papyrus endemic bird species and their abundance ........................................................... 25
3.2 Habitat disturbance in Sio Port swamp .............................................................................. 26
3.3 Birds’ habitat quality......................................................................................................... .30
3.3.1 Vegetation height in mixed and pure papyrus sites ...................................................... .31
3.3.2 Vegetation density in mixed and pure papyrus sites ....................................... ................32
3.3.3 Relationship between vegetation height and vegetation density.....................................33
3.4 Distribution of papyrus endemic birds in Sio Port swamp.................................................34
3.4.1 Frequency of occurrence of birds along transects...........................................................34
3.4.2 Distribution of birds across Sio Port swamp...................................................................41
3.5 Abundance of papyrus endemic birds along disturbance gradient in Sio Port
swamp.......................................................................................................................................42

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 44
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................... 44
4.1 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 44
4.1.1 Factors influencing population of papyrus endemic birds ............................................. 44
4.1.2 Factors influencing habitat distribution and structure .................................................... 46
4.1.3 Impacts of human disturbance on habitats and birds ...................................................... 47
4.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 49
4.3 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 50

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REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 51
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 59

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Transect name , length and the number of points present..................................20
Table 3.1: Estimated densities and population size of papyrus endemic birds studied in Sio
Port swamp............................................................................................................................... 25
Table 3.2: Forms of disturbance in points along transects ....................................................... 26
Table 3.3: Mean (+SD) height of vegetation in three ranges in mixed and pure papyrus sites31
Table 3.4: Mean (+SD) density of vegetation in mixed and pure papyrus sites ...................... 32
Table 3.5: Mean (+ SD) density (stem/m2) of vegetation in three height ranges in mixed and
pure papyrus sites ..................................................................................................................... 33
Table 3.6: Abundance of papyrus endemic birds in mixed and pure papyrus sites in Sio Port
swamp.......................................................................................................................................42

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Map showing the location of papyrus swamps in the Lake Victoria Basin ............ 4
Figure 2.1: Study area showing features and line transects at Sio Port Swamp, Busia County.
.................................................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 2.2: Papyrus Gonolek. .................................................................................................. 15
Figure 2.3: White-winged Swamp-warbler.............................................................................. 16
Figure 2.4: Northern Brown-throated Weaver. ........................................................................ 17
Figure 2.5: Greater Swamp-warbler. ....................................................................................... 18
Figure 2.6: Sketch map for the study site showing the transverse transects. ........................... 19
Figure 2.7: Sections of mixed papyrus (a) and pure papyrus stratum (b). ............................... 20
Figure 2.8: Fixed points set up along a line transect. ............................................................... 21
Figure 3.1: Burnt vegetation in a part of Sio Port swamp. ...................................................... 27
Figure 3.2: Harvested papyrus in a part of Sio Port swamp. ................................................... 27
Figure 3.3: Fish trap set up in Daniel transect(a), piles of papyrus culms next to a fish trap . 28
Figure 3.4: Cultivation along the edges of Sio Port swamp, stumps of sugarcane (a), kales and
sugarcane (b). ........................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 3.5: Invasive aquatic grass Vossia cuspidata at a distributary of River Sio (a) and
Invasive aquatic plant; water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (b). ............................................ 30
Figure 3.6: Distribution of papyrus endemic birds along transect Sio, Sio Port swamp. ........ 34
Figure 3.7: Distribution of papyrus endemic birds along transect Busijo a,Sio Port swamp. . 36
Figure 3.8: Distribution of papyrus endemic birds along transect Busijo b,Sio Port swamp. . 37
Figure 3.9: Distribution of papyrus endemic birds along transect Daniel,Sio Port swamp. .... 38
Figure 3.10: Distribution of papyrus endemic birds along transect Ongaro, Sio Port swamp. 40
Figure 3.11: Distribution of papyrus endemic birds across the swamp in the five transects. .. 41

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix I: Common and scientific names of species of birds recorded in Sio Port swamp
during the study period .................................................................................................... ........60
Appendix II: Common and scientific names of vegetation species recorded in the study area
............................................................................................................................................... ...62
Appendix III: Stages of growth of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) plant ................................ ......63

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