THEEFFECTSOFACOGNITIVEANDSOMATICAWARENESSINTERVENTION ONCOMPETITIVEGOLFPERFORMANCEANDEMOTIONREGULATION By LESTERJ.BOUCHARD ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytothankthosewhomadethisdissertation possible.Sinceregratitudeisextendedtomycommitteemembers.Dr.Milledge Murphey,Dr.ChristopherJanelle,Dr.RonaldSiders,andDr.HarryDaniels,fortheir supportandencouragementthroughoutthecompletionofthisstudy.Theirwealthof knowledgeonthesubjectsofperformanceenhancement,researchdesign,andstatistical analysiswasinstrumentalintheconstructionandcompletionofthisproject. IamespeciallygratefultoDr.MilledgeMurpheyforallthesupervisionhe providedformeduringthepast5years.Dr.Murpheyhasalwaysbeenthereformeto lendhissupportandguidanceduringmyyearsasagraduatestudent.Further,hehasbeen awonderfulfriendandmentorandhasshownmuchunderstandingandconcernformeas aperson. IwouldalsoliketoexpressmythanksandgratitudetoChristopherChristmas, DerekDeLaPena,BrianRockwood,Dr.ChristopherJanelle,Dr.MichaelMondello, ElizabethFallon,KelliMcKenzie,andNickMurrayforalltheirhelpintheprocurement ofvolunteersforthisinvestigation.AdditionalthanksareextendedtotheUniversityof Floridagolfcoursestaff.Withouttheirassistance,thisinvestigationcouldhavenever beenrealized. ii Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressdeepestandwarmestgratitudetomyfriendsand family.Withouttheirconstantencouragementandbeliefinme,Imaynothavesustained thedesiretoremaininschoolandcompleteadoctoratedegree. iii TABLEOFCONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLEOFCONTENTS iv LISTOFTABLES viii LISTOFFIGURES x ABSTRACT xi CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 StatementoftheProblem 11 ResearchHypotheses 11 DefinitionofTerms 13 Assumptions 15 Limitations 18 SignificanceoftheStudy 19 2. REVIEWOFLITERATURE 23 EmotionandCognitioninSport 23 CognitiveAppraisal 26 HardyPersonalityTheory 29 CompetitiveSportandEmotions 30 Arousal,Stress,andAnxietyinSport 35 Arousal 35 Anxiety 36 Stress 40 MeasuringArousalandAnxiety 41 Arousal 41 Anxiety 43 Self-Confidence 51 Self-ConfidenceandAnxiety 55 iv 1 Anger 57 TheExpressionofAnger 59 ControllingAnger 61 Anxiety-Arousal-PerformanceRelationship 64 DriveTheory 64 Inverted-UTheory 65 CatastropheTheory 66 OptimalZones 68 ReversalTheory 69 Self-Regulation 70 Self-Monitoring 75 CopingwithSportRelatedStress 75 Self-Awareness 81 Cognitive-BehavioralStrategies 83 MultimodalInterventions 86 Golf 91 Summary 95 3. METHODS 99 Participants 99 PerformanceTaskandApparatus 100 InstrumentsandMeasurements 101 TheModifiedCompetitiveStateAnxietyInventory-2 (MCSAI-2) 101 TheModifiedCompetitiveTraitAnxietyInventory-2 (MCTAI-2) 103 TheModifiedStateandTraitAngerScales(MSAS; MTAS) 103 TheSelf-AwarenessScale 105 ExperimentalGroupsandConditions 106 EmotionAwarenessMonitoringIntervention ... 106 Non-MonitoringEmotionIntervention 108 EmotionAwarenessMonitoring 109 Comparison 109 ManipulationofAnxiety 110 Procedures 11 DesignandDataAnalysis 114 Performance 114 TheMCSAI-2,MSAS,andSelf-AwarenessScale ... 114 V 4. RESULTS 116 Performance 116 TheMCSAI-2andMSAS 117 IntensityandDirectionofCognitiveAnxiety ... 117 IntensityandDirectionofSomaticAnxiety 118 IntensityandDirectionofSelf-Confidence 118 IntensityandDirectionofAnger 120 TheSelf-AwarenessScale 123 AngerAwareness 129 CognitiveAwareness 132 SomaticAwareness 132 Self-ConfidenceAwareness 134 TheRelationshipBetweeentheMCSAI-2,MSAS, Self-Awareness,andPerformance 136 TheMCSAI-2andPerformance 138 TheMSASandPerformance 146 Self-AwarenessScoresandPerformance 147 ManipulationCheckandSocialValidationQuestionnaire ... 148 MentalFatigue 151 ReliabilityoftheMCSAI-2andMSAS 151 5. DISCUSSION 154 HypothesesRelatedtotheIntensityandDirectionofCognitive andSomaticAnxiety,Self-Confidence,andAnger 154 HypothesesRelatedtoPerformance 158 HypothesesRelatedtotheRelationshipAmongtheMCSAI-2, MSAS,Self-Awareness,andPerformance 160 Summary 162 Conclusions 164 ImplicationsforFutureResearch 165 REFERENCES 169 APPENDIXA DEMOGRAPHICDATAFORM 200 APPENDIXB MODIFIEDCOMPETITIVETRAIT ANXIETYINVENTORY-2 201 APPENDIXC MODIFIEDTRAITANGERSCALE ... 205 vi APPENDIXD SUMMARYOFTESTSTATISTICSONTHE CSAI-2FORTHECOLLEGESAMPLEOFCOMPETITIVE ATHLETES 207 APPENDIXE SUMMARYOFTESTSTATISTICSONTHE STATEANDTRAITANGERSUBSCALESOFTHESTAXI FORCOLLEGESTUDENTS 208 APPENDIXF MODIFIEDCOMPETITIVESTATE ANXIETYINVENTORY-2 209 APPENDIXG MODIFIEDSTATEANGERSCALE ... 213 APPENDIXH INFORMEDCONSENT 215 APPENDIXI SOCIALVALIDATIONAND MANIPULATIONCHECKQUESTIONNAIRE 217 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 219 vii LISTOFTABLES Table Page 1. ExperimentalDesignandTreatmentGroups 112 2. PerformanceMeansandStandardDeviationsforEachGroupAcross Sessions1-3 118 3. CognitiveAnxietyIntensityandDirectionMeansandStandard DeviationsforEachGroupAcrossSessions1and3 120 4. SomaticAiucietyIntensityandDirectionMeansandStandard DeviationsforEachGroupAcrossSessions1and3 123 5. Self-ConfidenceIntensityandDirectionMeansandStandard DeviationsforEachGroupAcrossSessions1and3 126 6. AngerIntensityandDirectionMeansandStandardDeviations forEachGroupAcrossSessions1and3 129 7. AngerSelf-AwarenessMeansandStandardDeviationsforthe EmotionAwarenessMonitoringGroupsAcrossSessions1-3 132 8. CognitiveAnxietySelf-AwarenessMeansandStandardDeviations fortheEmotionAwarenessMonitoringGroupsAcrossSessions1-3 134 9. SomaticAnxietySelf-AwarenessMeansandStandardDeviations fortheEmotionAwarenessMonitoringGroupsAcrossSessions1-3 136 10. Self-ConfidenceSelf-AwarenessMeansandStandardDeviations fortheEmotionAwarenessMonitoringGroupsAcrossSessions1-3 138 11 CorrelationsAmongtheIntensitySubscalesoftheMCSAI-2,MSAS, andSelf-AwarenessAcrossSessions1and3 140 12. RegressionAnalysesPredictingPerformancewiththeMCSAI-2, MSAS,andSelf-AwarenessAcrossSessions1and3 141 viii 13. SocialValidationandManipulationCheckQuestionnaireResponse MeansandStandardDeviationsforEachGroup 149 14. FrequencyofTechniquesusedDuringPerformancebyEachGroup 152 15. MeansandStandardDeviationsofMentalFatigueExperiencedby EachGroupAcrossSessions1-3 153 16. OverallMeansandStandardDeviationsontheMCTAI-2and MTAS 156 ix LISTOFFIGURES Figure Page 1. ChangesinPerformanceforEachGroupAcrossSessions1-3 119 2. ChangesinCognitiveAnxietyIntensityforEachGroupAcross Sessions1and3 121 3. ChangesinCognitiveAnxietyDirectionforEachGroupAcross Sessions1and3 122 4. ChangesinSomaticAnxietyIntensityforEachGroupAcross *• Sessions1and3 124 5. ChangesinSomaticAnxietyDirectionforEachGroupAcross Sessions1and3 125 6. ChangesinSelf-ConfidenceIntensityforEachGroupAcross Sessions1and3 127 7. ChangesinSelf-ConfidenceDirectionforEachGroupAcross Sessions1and3 128 8. ChangesinAngerIntensityforEachGroupAcrossSessions1and3 130 9. ChangesinAngerDirectionforEachGroupAcrossSessions1and3 131 10. ChangesinAngerSelf-AwarenessfortheEmotionalAwareness MonitoringGroupsAcrossSessions1-3 133 11. ChangesinCognitiveAnxietySelf-AwarenessfortheEmotional AwarenessMonitoringGroupsAcrossSessions1-3 135 12. ChangesinSomaticAnxietySelf-AwarenessfortheEmotional *• AwarenessMonitoringGroupsAcrossSessions1-3 137 13. ChangesinSelf-ConfidenceSelf-AwarenessfortheEmotional AwarenessMonitoringGroupsAcrossSessions1-3 139 X