Effect of supplemental selenium and vitamin E on serum and milk concentrations of cattle and sheep, tissue selenium concentrations and mineral status pf grazing cattle in North Florida

289 Pages·1992·8.8 MB·English

by  Cuesta-Muñoz, Pablo Antonio, 1948-

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By
PABLO ANTONIO CUESTA-MUNOZ
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
1992
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDALIBRARIES
DEDICATION
To the memory of my mother, Maria Munoz, who dedicated many
years of her life to show me the values of knowledge,
dedication and patience.
To my son Pedro Pablo, whose support, friendship and patience
made everything easier and meaningful.
To my sister Georgina, whose constant support, understanding
and faith in God made possible the achievement of our goal.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express his appreciation and
sincere gratitude to Dr. Lee R. McDowell, chairman of the
supervisory committee, for his constant support and guidance
throughout the graduate program as well as in the
preparation of this manuscript. Appreciation is expressed to
Dr. William E. Kunkle for organization of the first two
experiments and to Dr. Frank G. Martin for statistical
evaluation of data. Appreciation is also extended to Drs.
Douglas B. Bates and Joseph H. Conrad for their time and
advice as members of the supervisory committee.
Recognition and appreciation are due to Mrs. Nancy
Wilkinson for her assistance in all laboratory work. The
technical assistance provided by A1 Boning is also
appreciated. Recognition is also due to Dr. Michael J.
Lawman for his assistance in the lymphocyte blastogenic
response analysis done in this research. Additional
recognition is also due to Dr. Steve Linda, Dr. Charles
Wilcox and Sudeep Kundu for their assistance in the
statistical analyses.
Special recognition is due to Frank Bullock who offered
his farms and animals and through his personnel assisted in
the conduction of part of this research. Appreciation is
iii
extended to Anthony Drew for assistance with designing the
research and sample collecting in the first two experiments.
The cooperation of Jerry Wasdin and his team at Pine Acres,
as well as Jack Stokes and his team at the Sheep Research
Unit for all help in sample collection is gratefully
recognized.
To fellow graduate students Edison Beno Pott, Alfonso
Ortega, Cesar Chaparro and Edmundo Espinoza, much
appreciation is due for being special friends. Deep
appreciation goes to Manuel Sandoval, Carlos Manrique and
Juan Velasquez for your friendship and encouragement.
Special recognition is due to Instituto Colombiano
Agropecuario for the financial support of his studies in the
United States.
Finally, the author wishes to express his most sincere
appreciation to his son Pedro Pablo and his sister Georgina
for their support, encouragement and understanding to
accomplish of his endeavor.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES ix
Abstract xix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
SeleniDuimstribution and Function in Animals .... 44
NSuetlreintiiuomnarlesmpuosncsuivlearundtyhsrtirfotpihyness ... 56
Effects on reproduction 7
Response to diseases 7
Metabolism 8
Absorption 9
Placental and mammary transfer 9
Excretion 11
Metabolic Transactions 11
Requirements 12
Sources and Supplemental Forms 13
Vitamin E 15
Distribution and Function 15
Biological antioxidant 16
Placental and mammary transfer 18
Nutritional muscular dystrophy 18
Response to diseases 20
Absorption and Transport 22
Excretion 23
AssessRmeeqnutireomfenMtisneral Status in Ruminants .... 2234
Blood Serum Minerals 25
Calcium and phosphorus 26
Magnesium 27
Copper 28
Zinc 29
Iron 30
Selenium 31
Hair Selenium 31
v
Liver Minerals 32
Copper 33
Zinc 33
Iron 34
Manganese 34
Cobalt 35
Molybdenum 35
Selenium 35
Milk Minerals 36
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium 37
Sodium chlorine and potassium 37
Trace elements 38
Mineral Status of Soils and Plants 41
Macrominerals 42
Trace Minerals 45
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS 49
Description of Research 49
Experiments 1 and 2 49
Sample Collection 51
Soil Samples 52
Forage Samples 52
Animal Tissue Samples 52
Hair samples 53
Milk samples 53
Liver biopsies 53
Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis 53
Soil Samples 54
Forage Samples 54
Mineral Supplements 59
Statistical Analysis 59
Experiment 3 59
Sample Collection and Preparation 61
Experiment 4 61
Sample Collection and Preparation 63
Statistical Analysis for Experiments 3 and 4 . . . 65
CHAPTER IV
SEASONAL VARIATION OF SOIL AND FORAGE MINERAL
CONCENTRATIONS IN NORTH FLORIDA 66
Introduction 66
Materials and Methods 67
69
ResultSsoilandpH,DiOsrcguasnsiiconMatter and Minerals .... 7700
Forage Mineral and Protein Concentrations . . 75
Forage and Soil Correlations 80
Summary 80
CHAPTER V
vi
SERUM SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E, AND SELENIUM
CONCENTRATION IN LIVER, MILK AND HAIR AS AFFECTED
BY SUPPLEMENTATION TO BEEF CATTLE 83
Introduction 83
Materials and Methods 84
Results and Discussion 92
Serum Selenium 92
Serum Vitamin E 94
Liver Selenium 97
Milk Selenium 97
Hair Selenium 99
Tissue and Fluid Selenium Correlations . . . 103
CHAPTER VI
MINERAL STATUS IN BEEF CATTLE, LIVE WEIGHT CHANGES AND
IMMUNE RESPONSE AS RELATED TO SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E
SUPPLEMENTATION 105
Introduction 105
Materials and Methods 107
Results and Discussion Ill
Mineral Status of Cows and Calves in
Experiment 1 Ill
Mineral Status of Cows and Calves in
Experiment 2 115
Serum Mineral Correlations 120
Lymphocyte Blastogenic Response 121
Live Weight Changes and Condition scores . . 123
Summary 126
CHAPTER VII
MINERAL CONCENTRATION IN LIVER AND MILK OF GRAZING
BEEF CATTLE AS RELATED TO SEASON AND LOCATION 129
Introduction 129
Materials and Methods 130
Results and Discussion 132
Mineral Status in Liver 132
Mineral Status in Milk 136
Mineral Correlations in Liver and Milk ... 141
Summary 142
CHAPTER VIII
EFFECT OF PREPARTUM INJECTABLE SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E
ON SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF COWS AND EWES AND THEIR
OFFSPRING, AND SELENIUM CONTENT OF MILK 144
Introduction 144
Materials and Methods 146
Results and Discussion 153
Experiment 1 153
Experiment 2 160
Summary 167
CHAPTER IX
vii
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 169
APPENDIX A
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES 176
APPENDIX B
RAW DATA 211
LITERATURE CITED 254
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 271
viii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. ANALYSIS PERFORMED ON COLLECTED SAMPLES
(EXPERIMENTS 1 AND 2) 55
TABLE 2. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF SILAGE AND TRACE
MINERAL SALT PROVIDED (EXPERIMENT 3) 62
TABLE 3. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF FEED SUPPLEMENT, HAY
AND TRACE MINERAL SALT PROVIDED (EXPERIMENT 4) 64
TABLE 4. SOIL pH, ORGANIC MATTER (OM) AND MACROMINERAL
CONCENTRATIONS AS RELATED TO GRAZING SEASON IN
NORTH FLORIDA 71
TABLE 5. SOIL TRACE MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS AS
RELATED TO GRAZING SEASON IN NORTH FLORIDA . . 72
TABLE 6. FORAGE MACROMINERAL AND PROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS
AS RELATED TO GRAZING SEASON IN NORTH FLORIDA 76
TABLE 7. FORAGE TRACE MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS AS
RELATED TO GRAZING SEASON IN NORTH FLORIDA . . 77
TABLE 8. EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL SELENIUM (Se) AND
VITAMIN E (VE) ON SERUM SELENIUM CONCENTRATION
COWS AND CALVES . . 93
TABLE 9. EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL SELENIUM (Se) AND
VITAMIN E (VE) ON SERUMVITAMIN E CONCENTRATION
OF COWS AND CALVES IN EXPERIMENT 2 95
TABLE 10. EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL SELENIUM (Se) AND
VITAMIN E ON LIVER SELENIUM CONCENTRATIONS . 98
TABLE 11. EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL SELENIUM (Se) AND
VITAMIN E (VE) ON MILK SELENIUM
CONCENTRATIONS 100
TABLE 12. EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL SELENIUM (Se) AND
VITAMIN E (VE) ON HAIR SELENIUM
CONCENTRATION 102
TABLE 13. MEAN SERUM MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF COWS AND
CALVES AS RELATED TO LOCATION
ix
,
AND SAMPLING MONTH (EXPERIMENT 1) 112
TABLE 14. MEAN SERUM MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF COWS AS
RELATED TO LOCATION AND SAMPLING MONTH
(EXPERIMENT 2) 116
TABLE 15. MEAN SERUM MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF CALVES
AS RELATED TO LOCATION AND SAMPLING MONTH
(EXPERIMENT 2) 117
TABLE 16. LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENIC RESPONSE WITH PHA, Con
AVITAANMDINIL-E2(AVSE)RAENLDATEMDONTTHO SOFELESNAIMUPMLIN(GSe).... 122
TABLE 17. MEAN CHANGES IN LIVE WEIGHT AND CONDITION
SCORES OF COWS AS RELATED TO LOCATIONS,
SELENIUM AND PERIODS (EXPERIMENT 2) 125
TABLE 18. AVERAGE DAILY GAIN OF CALVES AS
RELATED TO LOCATIONS AND SELENIUM
(EXPERIMENT 2) 127
TABLE 19. MEAN LIVER MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS AS RELATED
TO LOCATION AND SAMPLING MONTH 134
TABLE 20. MEAN MILK MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS AS RELATED TO
LOCATION AND SAMPLING MONTH 138
TABLE 21. MEAN MILK SELENIUM (ppm) OF COWS AS RELATED TO
SELENIUM, BREED GROUP AND PERIODS 154
TABLE 22. MEAN SERUM SELENIUM (ppm) OF COWS AS RELATED
TO BREED GROUP AND PERIODS 157
TABLE 23. MEAN SERUM VITAMIN E (/ig/mL) OF COWS AS
RELATED TO BREED GROUP AND PERIODS 157
TABLE 24. MEAN SERUM SELENIUM (ppm) OF CALVES AS RELATED
TO SELENIUM AND PERIODS 159
TABLE 25. MEAN SERUM VITAMIN E (mg/mL) OF CALVES AS
RELATED TO SELENIUM AND PERIODS 159
TABLE 26. MEAN MILK SELENIUM CONCENTRATIONS (ppm) OF
EWES AS RELATED TO SELENIUM, VITAMIN E AND
PERIODS 161
TABLE 27. MEAN SERUM SELENIUM (ppm) OF EWES AS RELATED
TO SELENIUM, VITAMIN E AND PERIODS 163
TABLE 28. MEAN SERUM VITAMIN E (jug/mL) OF EWES AS
RELATED TO SELENIUM, VITAMIN E AND PERIODS . 164
X