Effect of genotype and management system on forage production of cultivated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)

162 Pages·1999·5.8 MB·English

by  Freire, Marcos, 1960-

EFFECTOFGENOTYPEANDMANAGEMENTSYSTEMONFORAGE
PRODUCTIONOFCULTIVATEDPEANUTS(ArachishypogaeaL.)
By
MARCOSFREIRE
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
1999
Tomywife,MariaOlandaBata,andmydaughtersSilvia,JessieKay,andNicole
Freire,withallmylove.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstandforemost,Iextendmymostsincerethankstomywife,Maria
OlandaBata,andtomydaughtersSilvia,JessieKay,andNicole,forbearingwith
meduringthisverylongpursuitofknowledge.
IwouldliketothanktotheUniversityEduardoMondlane(Mozambique)
forsponsoringmeduringfourofmystudyyears.
Inaddition,IwouldliketothankDr.KenQuesenberry,chairofmy
supervisorycommittee,forhissupport,guidance,andfriendship.Tothe
remainingmembersofmycommitteeDr.PaulPfahler,Dr.DanGorbet,Dr.Chris
Andrew,Dr.PeterHildebrand,andthelateDr.TitoFrench,mysincerethankyou
fortheirunderstandingandinvaluableassistance.
MysincerethankstoDavidMoon,JudyMulaney,andallthestudent
helpersfortheirsupportwiththefieldandfield-relatedwork.
Iwouldalsoliketothankeverybody,facultyandstaff,intheDepartmentof
AgronomyfortheirsupportwhenIneededitthemost.Furthermore,toallmy
studentcolleagueswithwhomIinteractedsometimealongtheway,thankyou.
Ithankmyparentsformakingmeunderstandtheimportanceoflearning
andteaching.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS m
LISTOFTABLES vi
LISTOFFIGURES x
ABSTRACT
xiii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATUREREVIEW 4
TheGenusArachis 4
ThePeanutCrop 9
PeanutasForage 11
DiseasesandInsectsofCultivatedPeanut 16
Root-knotNematodes 19
SeedDormancy 22
PerennialPeanutasForage 25
Summary 28
3. EFFECTSOFFORAGEHARVESTMANAGEMENTONSELECTED
GERMPLASMOFPEANUT(ArachishypogaeaandArachisspp.) 29
Introduction 29
MaterialandMethods 31
LocationandExperimentalDesign 31
CulturalPractices 33
DataCollectionandAnalysis 34
ResultsandDiscussion 36
ForageDryMatterYield 36
PodYield 52
PestEvaluation 54
Leafspotincidence 54
Insectdamage 61
Weedinfestation 64
ForageQuality 66
Conclusions 73
IV
4. EFFECTSOFCULTIVARANDCROPSEQUENCEONLONGTERM
STANDMAINTENANCE 75
Introduction 75
MaterialandMethods 76
LocationandExperimentalDesign 76
CulturalPractices 80
DataCollectionandAnalysis 81
ResultsandDiscussion 82
DryMatterYield 82
PodYield 99
PestEvaluation 100
PeanutForageQuality 103
SecondSeasonPeanutForageDryMatterYield 105
SecondSeasonWinterCropForageDryMatterYield 118
WeedInfestationDuringTheWinterCropOfTheSecondSeason..121
Conclusions 122
APPENDICES
A. RUSTANDEARLYLEAFSPOTSCORINGSCALES 124
B. GREENACRESWEATHERDATA:RAINFALL,MINIMUMANDMAXIMUM
TEMPERATURES 128
REFERENCES 134
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 145
v
LISTOFTABLES
Table page
1. BriefdescriptionofthegenusArachis,includingselectedspecies,
genome,ploidylevels,andgenepool 6
2. Listoftheentriesusedbycharacteristic,includingspeciesand
otheridentification 32
3. Listofthesub-treatmentsusedandtheirdescription 33
4. Importantexperimentaldates,planting,andharvestdatesbyyear 33
5. SummarizedANOVAtableforpeanutforagedrymatteryield 37
6. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthefirstharvestpresentedby
yearandentry 42
7. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthesecondharvestpresented
byyearandentry 44
8. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthesecondharvestpresented
byyear,harvestmanagementlevelandentry 46
9. Meantotalannualpeanutforagedrymatteryieldfromthetwo
harvestmanagementmethodspresentedbyyearandentry 48
10. Totalannualpeanutforagedrymatteryieldpresentedbyyear,
harvestmanagementmethodandentry 49
11. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldfortheharvestofthesecond
croppingyear(1996planting) 51
12. SummarizedANOVAtableforpodyield 52
13. Peanutpodyieldfor1996presentedbyharvestmanagement
methodandentry 53
14. SummarizedANOVAtableforleafspotincidence 55
15. Leafspotincidenceonpeanutpresentedbyyearandentry 57
VI
16. Leafspotincidenceonpeanutpresentedbyyear,harvest
managementmethodandentry 59
17. Meanoveryearsofleafspotincidenceonpeanutpresentedby
harvestmanagementmethodandentry 60
18. SummarizedANOVAtableforinsectdamage 62
19. Insectdamageonpeanutpresentedbyharvestmanagementand
entryforthe1997croppingseason 63
20. SummarizedANOVAtableforweedcover 64
21. Weedinfestationonpeanutpresentedbyharvestmanagement
andentryforthe1997croppingseason 65
22. SummarizedANOVAtableforcrudeproteinandin-vitroorganic
matterdigestibilityforbothfirstandsecondharvests 67
23. Crudeproteinofthefirstpeanutharvestpresentedbyentryforthe
1996croppingseason 69
24. Crudeproteinofthesecondpeanutharvestpresentedbyharvest
managementandentryforthe1996croppingseason 70
25. IVOMDofthefirstpeanutharvestpresentedbyentryforthe1996
croppingseason 71
26. IVOMDofthesecondpeanutharvestpresentedbyharvest
managementandentryforthe1996croppingseason 72
27. Listofwholetreatments(cropsequences)usedintheexperiment
from1996to1998 78
28. Listofsub-treatments(entries)usedintheexperimentfrom1996
to1998 78
29. Criticaldates(plantingandharvesting)forthe1996and1997
experiments 80
30. Criticaldates(plantingandharvesting)forthe1998experiment 80
31. SummarizedANOVAtableforpeanutforagedrymatteryield 83
32. SummarizedANOVAtableforwintercropdrymatteryield 84
33. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthefirstharvestpresentedby
year,andentry(1996-1997) 85
VII
34. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldpresentedbyharvest,andentry
(1998) 86
35. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthesecondharvestpresented
byyear,andentry(1996-1997) 87
36. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthetotalharvestpresentedby
year,andentry(1996-1998) 88
37. Rainfall(mm)quantityanddistributionduringthepeanutcrop
cycle 89
38. Foragedrymatteryieldofthewintercropforthefirstharvest
presentedbyyear,entry,andcroppingsequence(1996-1997) 91
39. Foragedrymatteryieldofthewintercropforthefirstharvest
presentedbyentryandcroppingsequence(1998) 92
40. Foragedrymatteryieldofthewintercropforthesecondharvest
presentedbyyear,entry,andcroppingsequence(1996-1997) 94
41. Foragedrymatteryieldofthewintercropforthethirdharvest
presentedbyyear,entry,andcroppingsequence(1996) 96
42. Totalforagedrymatteryieldofthewintercroppresentedbyyear,
entry,andcroppingsequence(1996-1997) 98
43. SummarizedANOVAtableforpodyieldfor1996 99
44. Peanutpodyieldpresentedbyentryandcroppingsequence
(1996) 100
45. SummarizedANOVAtableforpestrelatedvariablesobserved
bothonpeanutandthewintercrop 101
46. PeanutTSWV,leafspotscore,bothfor1996and1998,insect
damage,andweedinfestation,for1998,presentedbyentry 102
47. SummarizedANOVAtableforpeanutcrudeproteinandIVOMD
for1996 104
48. CrudeproteinandIVOMDofpeanutforagefor1996,presentedby
entry 105
49. SummarizedANOVAtableforpeanutforagedrymatteryieldfor
thesecondcroppingseason 107
50. SummarizedANOVAtableforbahiagrassforagedrymatterforthe
secondcroppingseason 108
viii
51. SummarizedANOVAtableforpeanut+bahiagrassforagedry
matteryieldforthesecondcroppingseason 109
52. Secondseasonpeanutforagedrymatteryieldfor1997(1996
planting)presentedbyentry,andcroppingsequence 112
53. Secondseasonpeanutforagedrymatteryieldfor1999(1998
planting)presentedbyentry,andcroppingsequence 114
54. Secondseasonbahiagrassforagedrymatteryieldfor1997(1996
planting)presentedbyentry,andcroppingsequence 115
55. Secondseason peanut+bahiagrassforagedrymatteryieldfor
1997(1996planting)presentedbyentry,andcroppingsequence 117
56. SummarizedANOVAtableforwintercropdrymatteryieldforthe
secondcroppingseason 119
57. Bahiagrassforagedrymatteryieldforthesecondseasoncrop
presentedbyentryandharvestfortheR+BGcroppingsequence
(1997, 1996planting) 120
58. SummarizedANOVAtableforpestrelatedvariablesobserved
bothonpeanutandthewintercrop 121
59. Weedinfestationforthesecondseasonpeanutcroppresentedby
entry,andcroppingsequence(1997,1996plantingand1999,
1998planting) 122
IX
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure page
1. E1v9o6l9u;tiUoSnDoAf,pe1a9n9u8t)plantedandharvestedareainFlorida(Mullin, 13
2. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthefirstharvestpresentedby
year 43
3. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthefirstharvestpresentedby
yearandentry 43
4. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthesecondharvestpresented
byyearandentry 45
5. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthesecondharvestpresented
byharvestmanagementmethodandyear 47
6. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthesecondharvestpresented
byharvestmanagementmethodandentry 47
7. Totalpeanutforagedrymatteryieldpresentedbyyearandentry 48
8. Totalpeanutforagedrymatteryieldpresentedbyyearand
harvestmanagementmethod 49
9. Totalpeanutforagedrymatteryieldpresentedbyharvest
managementmethodandentry 50
10. Peanutforagedrymatteryieldforthesecondcroppingyear(1996
planting) 51
11. Peanutpodyieldin1996presentedbyharvestmanagement
method 54
12. Peanutpodyieldin1996presentedbyharvestmanagement
methodandentry 54
13. Leafspotincidenceonpeanutpresentedbyharvestmanagement
methodandentry 58
x