effect of compost and fly ash amendments on metribuzin leaching behaviour

110 Pages·2015·3.85 MB·English

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Studies on effects of sugary-1 and shrunken-2 genes

on grain sweetness in sweet corn genotypes

BRIJESH KUMAR MEHTA

DIVISION OF GENETICS
ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
NEW DELHI – 110 012
2015
Studies on effects of sugary-1 and shrunken-2 genes on
grain sweetness in sweet corn genotypes
by

BRIJESH KUMAR MEHTA

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Post Graduate School,
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
GENETICS
2015
Approved by

a
Chairman : (Dr. Firoz Hossain)

Co-chairman : (Dr. T. Nepolean)
Member : (Dr. M. Vignesh)

Member : (Dr. S. K. Jha)

Member : (Dr. Amol Kumar Solanke)

Member : (Dr. Supradip Saha)
Division of Genetics
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi – 110012, India

Dr. FIROZ HOSSAIN Phone: [phone]
Senior Scientist e-mail: [email protected]

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Studies on effects of sugary-1 and
shrunken-2 genes on grain sweetness in sweet corn genotypes” submitted to the
Faculty of the Post-Graduate School, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of
Science in GENETICS, embodies the results of bonafide research work carried out
by Mr. Brijesh Kumar Mehta, Roll No.: 20425 under my guidance and
supervision, and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or
diploma.
It is further certified that any help or source of information that has been availed
of in this connection has been duly acknowledged by him.

Date : 29.07.2015 (Dr. Firoz Hossain)
Place: New Delhi Chairman (Advisory Committee)
Aknowledgements

It is by the lavish and boundless blessing of the Almighty that I have been able to complete
my studies successfully hitherto and present this humble piece of work, for which I am eternally
indebted.
Fervently and modestly, I extol the genuine cooperation, inspiration and affection offered to
me by the Chairman of advisory committee, Dr. Firoz Hossain, Senior Scientist,Division of Genetics
right from the initiation of my work to ship-shaping of the manuscript. The present work bears at
every stage the impression of his concrete suggestions, careful, seasoned criticism, indefatigable
guidance and meticulous attention to details. He has always been a fountain of inspiration to me.
It was indeed a rare privilege for me to work under his emending inspiration and indomitable spirit
during my M.Sc. programme.
With endless pleasure, I wish to express my indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to
Dr. Ravinder Kaur, Director (Acting), IARI for his support, encouragement and inspiration. My
sincere thanks are to Dr. K.V. Prabhu, Joint Director (Research), IARI for providing
infrastructural facilities during the period. I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. R.K. Jain, Dean and
Joint Director (Education) for all the academic support and encouragement extended throughout my
M.Sc., programme. I am grateful to Dr. A.K. Singh, Head, Division of Genetics for his help
extended during the period of my study. I also extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Vinod, Professor,
Division of Genetics, for his intellectual suggestions, constant inspiration and encouragement
during the course of this investigation.
I take this opportunity to sincerely thank Dr. H.S. Gupta, former Director, IARI for his
valuable suggestions. I am indebted to T. Nepolean, Senior Scientist, Division of Genetics and Co-
chairman of my Advisory Committee and Dr. S.K. Jha, Scientist, Division of Genetics for their
generous advice. I feel immense pleasure to convey my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Supradip Saha,
Senior Scientist,Division of Agricultural Chemicals, IARI, New Delhi; Dr. Amol Kumar Solanke,
Senior Scientist, NRCPB, New Delhi.
I humbly place on record my respect and gratitude to Dr. M. Vignesh, Scientist, Division of
Genetics, for his valuable guidance and scientific suggestions which have greatly facilitated the
production of this thesis. He was always there in all my need and helped his best whenever I seek
for it. I am indebted to him for the critical reviewing of the manuscript. I am immensely indebted to
Rajkumar sir and Aanchal mam for their constant guidance and help during the entire period of my
research work.
I feel privileged to express my heartier gratitude to my beloved teachers, and staff members,
Ishwar sir, Lalji sir, Division of Genetics, for their immense help in successfully arranging out of
this study.
I wish to express my deepest sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. Rajesh Kumar,
Technical officer, Maize Genetics Unit, who helped me a lot in every aspect of study. I want to
thank Diwakar ji and R.P. Singh ji who provided all kind of support during my data collection and
field trials. It gives me immense pleasure to mention names of Rahmat sir, Rajat sir, Anil bhaiya
and Ajay bhaiya, whose constant help and collective efforts have been reflected in the completion of
this venture. I also extend my thanks to Jalil Ji, Mukhtyar Singh ji and Sunita ji for their help
during the execution of experiments and data collection.
It’s my pleasure to thank my dear seniors Mallikarjuna, Sarika, Rahul, Vidyasagar, Mukesh,
Subhash, Amit, Soma and Manu for their constant help and guidance during my research work.
Candid thanks to my juniors, Nitish, Premchand, Prahlad, Yankappa, Shyamsundar and Damodar,
and my friends Virendra, Sunil, Arvind, Pradeep, Amarkant, Ashish, Neeraj, Gaurendra, and
Ganesh for their support and help in various forms and other gestures.
Diction is not enough to express my unboundful gratitude and affection to my beloved
parents Shri. Madan Lal and Smt. Nabbo Devi for bringing me up in the best of ways, for
rendering me the best of education, for nurturing in me the best of ideals and for helping me to see
the best of times. There is no match to the love I show to my family members, Pramod, Manoj,
Rohit, Keshav, Seema di, Jyoti di, Asha di, Saroj di, Usha, Archana, Poonam, Hemlata, Pooja,
Monika and little flowers of our garden Vipin, Vishal, Prashant, Kannu,Abhishek, Sapna, Mangal
and Rakhi who made my life the happiest throughout.
I must express my gratitude to my mamaji Panchu Lal, for his continued support,
unwavering love and encouragement.
My vocabulary utterly fails in expressing my love to my relatives and friends for their
support during all the years of study. Finally, the financial assistance provided by IARI in the form
of Fellowship during the tenure is gratefully acknowledged.
Though many have not been mentioned, none are forgotten.

Date: 29.07.2015
Place: New Delhi (Brijesh Mehta)
CONTENTS

S. No. Title Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Review of Literature 4
3 Materials and Methods 23
4 Results 30
5 Discussion 41
6 Summary and Conclusion 54
Abstract
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Bibliography i - xx
LIST OF TABLES
Table After
Title
No. page No.
2.1 List of various endosperm mutants in maize 7
List of genotypes used for molecular characterisation using
3.1 27
SSR markers
ANOVA for morphological and quality traits of sh2sh2-based
4.1 31
sweet corn hybrids (Environment-I)
ANOVA for morphological and quality traits of sh2sh2-based
4.2 31
sweet corn hybrids (Environment-II)
ANOVA for morphological and quality traits of sh2sh2-based
4.3 31
sweet corn hybrids (Environment-III)
ANOVA for morphological and quality traits of sh2sh2/su1su1-
4.4 31
based sweet corn hybrids (Environment-I: First date of sowing)
ANOVA for morphological and quality traits of sh2sh2/su1su1-
4.5 based sweet corn hybrids (Environment-II: Second date of 31
sowing)
ANOVA for morphological and quality traits of sh2sh2/su1su1-
4.6 based sweet corn hybrids (Environment-III: Third date of 31
sowing)
Combined ANOVA for morphological traits of sh2sh2-based
4.7 31
sweet corn hybrids
Combined ANOVA for morphological traits of sh2sh2/su1su1-
4.8 31
based sweet corn hybrids
Combined ANOVA for quality trait of sh2sh2-based sweet corn
4.9 31
hybrids
Combined ANOVA for quality trait of sh2sh2/su1su1-based
4.10 31
sweet corn hybrids
Mean performance of sh2sh2-based sweet corn hybrids for
4.11 31
morphological traits
Mean performance of sh2sh2/su1su1-based sweet corn hybrids
4.12 31
for morphological traits
Mean performance of sh2sh2-based sweet corn hybrids for
4.13 33
quality trait
Mean performance of sh2sh2/su1su1-based sweet corn hybrids
4.14 34
for quality trait
Correlation among various morphological and quality
4.15 characters of sh2sh2-based sweet corn hybrids over 37
environments
Correlation among various morphological and quality
4.16 characters of sh2sh2/su1su1-based sweet corn hybrids over 37
environments
Standard heterosis for cob yield and fodder yield among
4.17 37
sh2sh2-based sweet corn hybrids over environments
Standard heterosis for cob yield and fodder yield among
4.18 37
sh2sh2/su1su1-based sweet corn hybrids over environments
4.19 List of SSR markers used in the study and their properties 39
Dissimilarity matrix among the 48 genotypes (1-48) used in the
4.20 39
study
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure After
Title
No. Page No.
2.1 A simplified illustration of starch biosynthesis pathway in
7
maize
4.1 Selected cobs of promising sh2sh2- and sh2sh2/su1su1-
33
based sweet corn hybrids
4.2 SSR polymorphism among sweet corn inbreds 39
4.3 Cluster analyses depicting genetic relationships among 48
39
inbreds
4.4 Principal Coordinate Analyses depicting genetic
40
relationships among 48 inbreds
5.1 Comparison of performance of promising experimental
48
hybrids over checks for A: cob yield and B: brix.
5.2 Comparison of performance of promising experimental
48
hybrids over checks for A: fodder yield and B: anthesis.
ACRONYMS

µg : microgram
µl : microlitre
bp : base pair
AICMIP : All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project
ANOVA : Analysis of Variance
CTAB : Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide
DAP : Days After Pollination
DNA : Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
dNTP : deoxynucleotide 5’ triphosphate
EDTA : Ethylene Diamine Tetra-acetic Acid
EtBr : Ethidium Bromide
HPLC : High Performance Liquid Chromatography
IARI : Indian Agricultural Research Institute
ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research
IIMR : Indian Institute of Maize Research
MGU : Maize Genetics Unit
PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCoA : Principal Coordinate Analysis
PIC : Polymorphism Information Content
SNP : Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
SSR : Simple Sequence Repeats
1
INTRODUCTION

Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L., 2n=20), considered as queen of the cereals, is one of
the most important cereal crops in the world next only to wheat and rice. Globally,
annual maize production is about 1016.73 million metric tonnes, of which Asia alone
produces 304.31 million metric tonnes (FAOSTAT, 2013). India is the second-most
important maize growing country in Asia, and is the world's sixth largest producer
and the fifth-largest consumer of maize (Prasanna, 2014). During 2013-14, India
produced 24.35 million metric tonnes of maize from 9.4 million hectares
(www.indiastat.com). Nearly 23% of the maize produced in India, is used for human
food and around 63% is utilized as poultry- and animal- feed (Yadav et al., 2014). It
is a staple food crop in many tropical African and Asian countries (Shiferaw et al.,
2011).
Of the various specialty corns, sweet corn (Z. mays ssp. mays var. saccharata)
has market potential not only in domestic market, but in international market as well.
Sweet corn is a type of corn with thin layer of pericarp and is consumed at immature
stages of endosperm development at ~20-22 days after fertilization. Sweet corn has
emerged as one of the popular choices worldwide, both as fresh and processed
vegetable. It is also an important source of fibre, minerals, and vitamins. Generally,
sweet corn is marketed in three distinct forms: fresh, canning, and freezing. Fresh
sweet corn products such as sweet corn milk and soups are gaining popularity in
many countries. Sweet corn ears are eaten green as highly prized fresh products like
baby corn. Immature kernels are ground to produce the confection pinnole and as a
fermentable source for the production of an alcoholic drink - chichi. The adoption of
new sweet corn based products has increased its consumption and has helped to
further expand the market.
Global import of frozen sweet corn was valued over US $332 million, while
the same for the preserved sweet corn was estimated as US $876 million during
2010. Countries such as US, Hungary, France, New Zealand, Belgium and Thailand
are the leading exporters of the sweet corn based products. In Asian countries, Japan
and Taiwan occupies approximately 35,000 and 20,000 ha area under sweet corn,
respectively. The demand of sweet corn is increasing tremendously in the last few
years due to the increasing urbanization.