Educational Game Design Fundamentals: A journey to creating intrinsically motivating learning experiences PDF
Preview Educational Game Design Fundamentals: A journey to creating intrinsically motivating learning experiences
Educational Game Design Fundamentals A Journey to Creating Intrinsically Motivating Learning Experiences http://taylorandfrancis.com Educational Game Design Fundamentals A Journey to Creating Intrinsically Motivating Learning Experiences George Kalmpourtzis CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-63154-0 (Paperback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-63157-1 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materi- als or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi- cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Kalmpourtzis, George, author. Title: Educational game design fundamentals : a journey to creating intrinsically motivating learning experiences / George Kalmpourtzis. Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017060414| ISBN 9781138631571 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138631540 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Educational games--Design and construction. | Educational games--Evaluation. Classification: LCC LB1029.G3 .K34 2018 | DDC 371.33/7--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017060414 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Nikos, Voula, and Tilemachos, who would always be there http://taylorandfrancis.com Contents Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................xiii Author ..............................................................................................................................................xv Introduction: The Journey Begins .................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Designing Learning Experiences ...............................................................................13 What Is “Learning”? ..................................................................................................14 About Education and Pedagogy ............................................................................16 Types of Learning .................................................................................................17 The Infinite Power of Motivation: Why Do People Learn? .......................................21 Knowledge Is Power ...................................................................................................25 Developing Skills ..................................................................................................27 Developing Values .................................................................................................28 Building Experiences .................................................................................................29 The Art of Designing Experiences ........................................................................29 Games Provide Immersive Experiences ................................................................31 The Impact of Intrinsically Motivating Learning Experiences .............................33 The Digital and Physical Experience ....................................................................34 The Experience Goggles ............................................................................................36 Summary ....................................................................................................................41 References ..................................................................................................................42 Chapter 2 The Magical Powers of the Game Designer ...............................................................43 An Introduction to Game Design ...............................................................................45 The Role of the Game Designer .................................................................................46 The Educational Game Designer ...............................................................................48 Everyone Can Work on Game Design ...................................................................56 The Challenges of Educational Game Design .......................................................58 Game Designers Play Games ................................................................................60 The Game Designer’s Perspective .........................................................................61 The Element of Creativity .....................................................................................63 What Is a Game? ........................................................................................................65 Play and Game .......................................................................................................66 Examining Play .....................................................................................................66 Play as an Indispensable Element of Learning......................................................68 Games ....................................................................................................................69 First Definition ..................................................................................................69 Second Definition .............................................................................................70 Third Definition ................................................................................................70 Fourth Definition ..............................................................................................70 Fifth Definition .................................................................................................71 Summary ....................................................................................................................77 References ..................................................................................................................78 vii viii Contents Chapter 3 Pedagogy and Games .................................................................................................79 Solving Problems........................................................................................................80 The Role of the Educator ............................................................................................86 The Zone of Proximal Development .....................................................................86 Impact of Pedagogic Approaches on Educational Games .........................................92 Behaviorism ...........................................................................................................92 Cognitivism ...........................................................................................................95 Constructivism .......................................................................................................96 Inquiry-Based Learning .............................................................................................99 Project-Based Learning ............................................................................................101 Players’ Multiple Intelligences .................................................................................103 The Best Learning Theory .......................................................................................105 Learning Objectives .................................................................................................106 Incorporating Curricula ...........................................................................................108 Summary ..................................................................................................................111 References ................................................................................................................111 Chapter 4 The Game Core ........................................................................................................113 The Magic Recipe ....................................................................................................114 The Educational Game Designer’s Journey .............................................................115 The Game Core ........................................................................................................116 A Sense of Direction ...........................................................................................116 Designing One’s Core ..........................................................................................117 Games Are Built Using Resources ...........................................................................120 Summary ..................................................................................................................124 Chapter 5 Where to Start? .........................................................................................................125 The Chicken or the Egg: Learning Objectives and Gaming Essence ......................126 Learning Aspect as the Driving Force .....................................................................128 Gamification in Educational Contexts .................................................................129 Game Aspect as the Driving Force ..........................................................................131 Perfect Balance .........................................................................................................136 Identifying Games in the Same Field .......................................................................138 Educational Impact on Game Design and Use .........................................................141 Elements of a Game .............................................................................................141 Educational Impact on Game Elements ..............................................................142 Infinite Sources of Inspiration ..................................................................................146 Harvesting Ideas ..................................................................................................146 Brainstorming ......................................................................................................148 Importance of Prototypes .........................................................................................148 When Is the Concept Ready for Implementation?....................................................151 Working Iteratively ...................................................................................................151 Summary ..................................................................................................................157 Reference ..................................................................................................................157 Contents ix Chapter 6 Let’s Make a Game! .................................................................................................159 What Game Can I Make? .........................................................................................160 An Introduction to Game Space ...............................................................................162 Importance of Space in Games ...........................................................................163 The Importance of Space in Learning ................................................................165 Games Consist of Objects ........................................................................................167 Games Have Rules ...................................................................................................169 Rules Define States ..............................................................................................170 Rules Present Goals .............................................................................................171 Importance of Goals .......................................................................................172 Duration and Persistence ................................................................................173 Rules Propose Punishments and Rewards ...........................................................174 Rules Define Winning Conditions .......................................................................177 Rules Define Games’ Direct and Indirect Responses .........................................179 Summary ..................................................................................................................181 References ................................................................................................................181 Chapter 7 A Closer Look at Game Mechanics .........................................................................183 Educational Games and Problem Solving ................................................................184 Games Offer Challenge ............................................................................................187 The Flow State .....................................................................................................188 Decision-Making ......................................................................................................192 Seamless Objectives/Games .....................................................................................196 The Element of Chance ............................................................................................198 The Element of Skill ................................................................................................200 Point No. 1: The Skill ..........................................................................................201 Point No. 2: The Skill behind the Skill ...............................................................201 Point No. 3: The Skill of Using a Skill ................................................................202 Working on Game Balance ......................................................................................203 All for One and One for All .....................................................................................206 Collaboration and Competition ................................................................................207 Collaboration in Educational Games...................................................................208 Competition in Educational Games .....................................................................208 Summary ..................................................................................................................210 References ................................................................................................................211 Chapter 8 Games as Reflection Tools .......................................................................................213 The Importance of Looking Back ............................................................................214 Tools for Reflection ..................................................................................................216 Working with Interest Curves ..................................................................................218 An Introduction to Interest Curves ......................................................................219 Summary ..................................................................................................................222 References ................................................................................................................222
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