Ecological Interactions And Biological Control

349 Pages·1997·11.161 MB·\349

by  David A. Andow (Editor)

Ecological Interactions and
Biological Control

Ecological Interactions and
Biological Control
EDITED BY
David A. Andow,
David W Ragsdale, and Robert F. Nyvall
First published 1997 by Westview Press
Published 2018 by Routledge
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Copyright © 1997 by Taylor & Francis
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ecological interactions and biological control / edited by David A.
Andow, David W. Ragsdale, and Robert F. Nyvall.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-8758-2 (hc)
1. Pests-Biological control–Congresses. 2. Pests–Ecology–
Congresses. I. Andow, David Alan. II. Ragsdale, David Willard,
1952–. III. Nyvall, Robert F.
SB975.E27 1997
632'.96–dc21 97-6907
CIP
Typeset by Letra Libre
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01182-6 (hbk)
Contents
List ofTables and Figures Vll
Preface xi
1 Biological Control in Cool Temperate Regions, David A. Andow,
David W. Ragrdale, and Robert E Nyvall 1
Part One-Agent Selection
2 Biological Control in Native and Introduced Habitats: Lessons
Learned from the Sap-Feeding Guilds on Hemlock and Pine,
Mark S. McClure 31
3 Ecological Approaches for Biological Control of the Aquatic
Weed Eurasian Watermilfoil: Resource and Interference Competition,
Exotic and Endemic Herbivores and Pathogens, Sallie P. Sheldon 53
4 Integrating Biological Control in IPM Systems, DavidA. Am/ow 71
5 Foliar Pathogens in Weed Biocontrol: Ecological and Regulatory
Constraints, Roberte M.D. Makowski 87
Part Two--Development and Implementation
6 Antibiosis and Beyond: Genetic Diversity, Microbial Communities,
and Biological Control, jocelyn Milner, Laura Silo-Suh,
Robert M Goodman, and jo Handelsman 107
7 Microbial Competition and Plant Disease Biocontrol,
Linda L. Kinkel and Steven E. Lindow 128
8 Ecology of Rearing: Quality, Regulation, and Mass Rearing,
LindaA. Gilkeson 139
9 Selection Pressures and the Coevolution of Host-Pathogen Systems,
Kurt J Leonard 149
v
vz Contents
10 Deleterious Rhiwbacteria and Weed Biocontrol, Ann C. Kennedy 164
11 Spring-Seeded Smother Plants for Weed Control in Corn and
Other Annual Crops, Robert L. De Haan, Donald L. W]se,
Nancy J Ehlke, Bruce D. Maxwell and Daniel H Putnam 178
12 Issues in the Use ofMicrosporidia for Biological Control of
European Corn Borer, Timothy J Kurtti and Ulrike G. Munderloh 195
13 Monitoring and Impact ofWeed Biological Control Agents,
Peter Harris 215
14 Biological Control of Plant Disease Using Antagonistic Streptomyces,
Daqun Liu, Linda L. Kinkel Eric C. Eckwall Neil A. Anderson,
and janet L. Schottel 224
15 Host-Searching byTrichogramma and Its Implications for
Quality Control and Release Techniques, Franz Bigler,
Bas P. Suverkropp, and Fabio Cerutti 240
16 Gliocladium and Biological Control of Damping-Off Complex,
james E Walter and Robert D. Lumsden 254
Part Three-Management in Situ
17 Parasitoid Foraging from a Multitrophic Perspective: Significance for
Biological Control, W. Joe Lewis and William Sheehan 271
18 Altering Community Balance: Organic Amendments, Selection
Pressures, and Biocontrol, Carol E. Windels 282
19 Interference of Fungicides with Entomopathogens: Effects
on Entomophthoran Pathogens of Green Peach Aphid,
Abdelaziz Lagnaoui and Edward B. Radcliffe 30 1
About the Book and Editors 317
About the Contributors 319
Index 321
Tables and Figures
Tables
1.1 Proposed establishment criteria for the introduction of natural
enemies to new habitats 4
1.2 Possible criteria used for evaluating the success of a biological
control agent 5
1.3 Target arthropod species in cool temperature regions 11
1.4 Host species for which no natural enemy species was established 12
1.5 Insect biological control agent species released against a particular
target weed 18
1.6 Insects used in weed biological control programs in cool
temperate regions 19
1.7 Success of establishment and degree of target weed control by
insect biological control agents and number of agents released
per target host 21
1.8 Introduction success and success of established agents to control
the target weed 22
2.1 Percent survival of nymphs, number of ovisacs per 500 em of branch,
number of eggs per ovisac, and percent of adelgid eggs killed by
insect predators 46
4.1 Field corn 73
4.2 Fresh market sweet corn 76
4.3 Seed corn 78
4.4 Sensitivity analysis of technical improvements to Trichogramma 79
5.1 Role of the public and private sectors in the development and
commercialization of bioherbicides 97
9.1 Relative fimess values for susceptible or resistant host plants
compared with relative fitness of mixed host populations . 160
11.1 Time of emergence for selected parent and F Brassica populations
1
grown in the greenhouse 181
vii
15.1 Examples of rating quality attributes that contribute to the
host-searching success of Trichogramma 248
16.1 EPA 40CFR regulations regarding data needs for registration of
microbial pesticides (Tier I data) 256
16.2 EPA 40CFR regulations regarding data needs for registration of
microbial pesticides (Tier I toxicology tests) 257
16.3 Results of toxicology tests of GL-21 259
16.4 GlioGard shelf stability at five different temperatures 263
16.5 Control of damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum and
Rhizoctonia so/ani on zinnia 264
18.1 Examples of organic amendments that increase incidence of
soil-borne diseases 284
18.2 Examples of soil-borne pathogens where disease incidence was
reduced when soil was amended with plant organic matter 286
18.3 Examples of soil-borne pathogens where disease incidence was
reduced when soil was amended with constituents of plant or
animal residue 287
18.4 Examples of soil-borne pathogens where disease incidence was
reduced when soil was amended with animal manures or composts 288
18.5 Soil-borne pathogens where disease incidence was reduced when
soil was amended with formulated mixes in the field 290
19.1 Infection of green peach aphid apterae by entomophthoran
pathogens 306
19.2 Rating of effects of 1x rates of pesticides on green peach aphid
and associated species 308
Figures
2.1 Introduced diaspidid scales on needles of Tsuga canadensis 34
2.2 Introduced adelgid on branches of Tsuga canadensis 35
2.3 Introduced margarodid scale on branch of Pinus resinosa 36
2.4 Introduced adelgid on branch of Pinus resinosa 37
2.5 Mean number of adelgids and scales on 100 needles and beneath
100 bark flakes of Pinus resinosa 39
2.6 Relationship between the number of A. tsugae nymphs per 20 mm2
of branch and percent mortality of nymphs and the percent of
the progeny produced by the sisters that became sexuparae on
forty hemlocks 41
2. 7 Population densities of F. externa and N. tsugae in twelve cohabited
hemlock forests 43
Table and Figures ix
2.8 Mean (± SE) percent mortality of M matsumurae in cages
containing different densities of H axyridis 48
2.9 Seasonal abundance of adults of the parasitoid Aspidiotiphagus
citrinus and susceptible host stages of E externa on hemlock 49
4 .1.a Relation between release rate of Trichogramma nubilale and
egg mass parasitism rate in the field on sweet corn 80
4.1.b Relation between egg mass parasitism rate in the field on
sweet corn and percent reduction in density of larvae of
European corn borer 81
4.2.a Percent parasitism of eggs at Werth Farm by Trichogramma
nubilale during first-generation European corn borer 82
4.2.b Percent parasitism of eggs at Ahlf Farm by Trichogramma
nubilale during second-generation European corn borer 83
4.3 Temporal changes in estimated daily egg parasitism by
Trichogramma nubilale in relation to average temperature 84
9.1 Pattern of disease reactions in a typical gene-for-gene plant host-
pathogen system 150
9.2 Fitness of susceptible and resistant host phenotypes exposed to
avirulent and virulent pathogen phenotypes in a gene-for-gene
model of host-pathogen coevolution 152
9.3 Fitness of avirulent and virulent pathogen phenotypes in two
versions of a gene-for-gene model of host-pathogen coevolution 152
9.4 Frequencies of resistant and virulent phenotypes at equilibrium in
a gene-for-gene coevolution model for plants and pathogens 153
9.5 Phase planes from simulations with a host-pathogen coevolution
model 154
9.6 Effect of parameter values on stability of polymorphisms in a
host-pathogen coevolution model 156
9.7 Effect of partial resistance on stability of equilibria in the hard
selection and competition versions of the host-pathogen
coevolution model 157
9.8 Changes in mean fitness of the host population through one
cycle of gene frequency oscillations in the hard selection version 159
9.9 Changes in mean fitness of the host population through one
cycle of gene frequency oscillations in the competition version 160
10.1 Downy brome growth and seed production in fields inoculated
with rhiwbacteria 169
10.2 Winter wheat population and yield from fields inoculated
with rhizobacteria 170