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Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design PDF

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Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design Victor Gioncu and Federico M. Mazzolani Firstpublished2011bySponPress 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanadabySponPress 270MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,USA SponPressisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. ©2011VictorGioncuandFedericoMazzolani Publisher’snote Thisbookhasbeenpreparedfromacamera-readycopysuppliedbytheauthors Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. This publication presents material of a broad scope and applicability. Despite stringentefforts byall concerned in thepublishing process, some typographicalor editorial errors may occur, and readers are encouraged to bring these to our attention where they represent errors of substance. The publisher and author disclaim any liability, in whole or in part, arising from information contained in this publication. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional prior to taking anyaction or making anyinterpretation that is within therealmofalicensedprofessionalpractice. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Gioncu,Victor. Earthquakeengineeringforstructuraldesign/VictorGioncuandFederico Mazzolani. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. I.Mazzolani,FedericoM.II.Title. Earthquakeresistantdesign. 624.1'762--dc22 2009052791 ISBN 0-203-84889-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN13:978-0-415-46533-5(hbk) ISBN13:978-0-203-84889-0(ebk) Contents Contents V Preface IX Chapter1NewChallengesinSeismicDesign 1 11Afterthelaststrongearthquakes………………………………… 1 1.2GlobalUrbanizationandImpactofEarthquakes………………... 4 1.3TopicsInvolvedinSeismicDesign……………………………... 11 1.4SeismologyversusEngineeringSeismology……………………. 12 1.5EarthquakeEngineeringversusStructuralEngineering………... 15 1.6IssuesforSeismicDesign………………………………………. 26 1.8InternationalActivity…………………………………………… 27 1.9References……………………………………………………… 29 Chapter2LivingwithEarthquakes 32 2.1WhenEarthShakes……………………………………………. 32 2.2HistoricalEarthquakes………………………………………….. 35 2.3GreatEarthquakesof20thCentury……………………………… 38 2.4GreatEarthquakesoftheBeginningof21stCentury…………… 59 2.5References………………………………………………………. 67 Chapter3LearningfromEarthquakes 71 3.1MainLessonsaftertheStrongEarthquakes………………….. 71 3.2LessonsforEarthquakeHazard……………………………….. 75 3.3LessonsforConstructionVulnerability………………………. 82 3.4LessonsforMitigationofSeismicRisk………………………. 89 3.5LessonsforSeismicDesign………………………………….. 95 3.6References…………………………………………………… 99 Chapter4AdvancesinConceptionaboutEarthquakes 102 4.1FromEngeladostoGPSSystem……………………………… 102 4.2TowardsaNewViewinSeismology………………………… 114 4.3BlockModelsandSeismicity………………………………… 120 4.4ChaosTheoryandSeismology………………………………. 124 4.5Earthquake:PredictingtheUnpredictable................................. 132 4.6StatisticalSeismologyandtheTheoryof Multi-SourceDataFusion…………………………………….. 136 4.7References…………………………………………………….. 138 VI Contents Chapter5TectonicPlatesandFaults 143 5.1PlateTectonics……………………………………………. 143 5.2PlateBoundaryTypes…………………………………….. 144 5.3DiffuseZonesandFaultTypes…………………………… 155 5.4World’sMainPlateBoundaries…………………………... 171 5.5References………………………………………………… 176 Chapter6FaultsandEarthquakes 179 6.1AnatomyofanEarthquake………………………………. 179 6.2CrustalInterplateEarthquake……………………………. 183 6.3CrustalIntraplateEarthquakes…………………………… 190 6.4Intraslab(inslab)Earthquakes……………………………. 205 6.5World’sSeismicZones…………………………………… 209 6.6References………………………………………………… 212 Chapter7EarthquakesandGroundMotions 217 7.1GroundMotionsEvaluationandEarthquakeEngineering.. 217 7.2SourceCharacteristics…………………………………….. 220 7.3PathEffects……………………………………………...... 227 7.4GroundResponsetoEarthquakes……………………….. 236 7.5PeculiarFeaturesofNear-sourceGroundMotions…….... 249 7.6GroundMotionsPeculiaritiesofCrustalIntraplate Earthquakes………………………………………………….. 275 7.7GroundMotionsPeculiaritiesofIntraslabSources……… 283 7.8References……………………………………………… . 285 Chapter8GroundMotionsandStructures 295 8.1StructureInfluenceonGroundMotions……………….. .295 8.2FoundationResponses…………………………………… 298 8.3StructureResponses……………………………………... 306 8.4DevelopmentsofMaterialsforseismic-resistantstructures 334 8.5DevelopmentsofSteelStructuralSystems……………….. 341 8.6Soil-foundation-structureInteraction……………………… 359 8.7SeismicVulnerabilityFactors…………………………….. 366 8.8References………………………………………………... 377 Chapter9AdvancesinSeismicDesignMethodologies 386 9.1ChallengesinSeismicDesign……………………………… 386 9.2Performance-basedSeismicDesign:ImplicationofOwners, UsersandSociety………………………………………...... 390 Contents VII 9.3DevelopmentofMulti-levelBaseSeismicDesign……………. 392 9.4ResponseSpectraasRepresentationofGroundMotions…….... 404 9.5SeismicAnalysisProcedures……………….…………………. 418 9.6BehaviorofNon-structuralComponentsduringEarthquake…...441 9.7References……………………………………………………....446 Chapter10ChallengesforNextCodeGenerationofSeismicCodes 451 10.1DevelopmentsofSeismicDesignCodes…………………….. 451 10.2ProgressesinSeismicDesignCodes…………….................... 456 10.3ChallengesforNewDesignApproaches…………………...... 466 10.4CharacteristicsofEarthquakesinFunctionofSource.............. 471 10.5StructuralResponsetoInterplateCrustalEarthquakes: Near-sourceGroundMotions…………………………….......476 10.6StructuralResponsetoIntraplateCrustalEarthquakes: Low-toModerateGroundMotionsforCrustalFractures.........494 10.7StructuralResponsetoIntraslabDeepEarthquakes: LongDurationEarthquakes……………………………. 512 10.8RecommendationsforDevelopingSimplebutReliableNew Code Provisions..…………………………………........519 10.9References…………………………………………….. ......... 528 Appendix:Glossary 533 A.1EngineeringSeismology…………………………………… 533 A.2EarthquakeEngineering…………………………………… 543 A.3References………………………………………………….. 552 Index 553 VIII Contents Themorewelearn,themorewerealize howmuchremainstobelearned LuisEsteva,2005 Preface Earthquakes were the cause ofmore than 1.5million deathsworldwide duringthe 20th Century. During the beginning of the 21st Century the number of deaths was about half a million. This is an unacceptable finding, because earthquakes can no longerberegardedasnaturaldisasters,sincethemaincauseofthishugenumberof casualties is the inadequate seismic resistance of the building stock, lifelines and industry, which could beavoided.Earthquakesdonotkillpeople, butthebuilding collapse can do it. It is an unbelievable situation that, after a century of research works, each strong earthquake brings new surprises and creates the situation that newlessons have tobe learnt. After a series ofdevastatingearthquakes during the last years of the past century (1994 Northridge, 1995 Kobe, 1999 Kocaeli and Taiwan earthquakes), it has been recognized by society that both seismic hazard andriskhavetobereassessed. Important progress was made in the last period, but many problems remain unsatisfactorilysolved. Therefore, nowis therightmomenttoanalyze the level of currentknowledgeandtoidentifythechallengesfor futureresearch worksandfor the next code generation. This is themain intention of this book. The progress in understanding and controlling the complex phenomena of the earthquake productioncanbeanalyzedbothfromscientificandpracticalpointsofview. From the scientific point of view, the main effort must be directed towards the inner understanding of the complex phenomenon of an earthquake. Some new fundamentaldisciplines,developedinthelastdecades,mustbedeeplystudied.The most important among them is the Earth Science, which explores the different processes and transformations produced in theevolution of theEarth and looks at how it is likely to evolve in the future. The Earth Science, more than any other science, is the embodiment of the emerging new sciences, where the focus is on Complex Non-linear Systems: Evolutionary and Self-Organized Dissipative Systems, Bifurcation, Catastrophes and Chaos Theories. The Earth surface can be considered as a complex of self-organized systems, consisting in tectonic plates and mantle, the equilibrium being assured by the mantle convection. The earthquakes represent a sudden destruction of this equilibrium. Considering the Chaos Theory, an essential discipline for Complex Non-linear Systems, which underlines theimportanceof small perturbation in theinitial conditions (Butterfly effect), it is possible to understand the great difficulties in the prediction of the characteristics of the next earthquakes. These aspects show the limits of the probabilisticanalysis in case of earthquake. Duetosmall differences in the initial conditions, for thesamesource, each newevent isverydifferent from thealready occurredone,breakingallprobabilisticrules.

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