Earth System Processes and Disaster Management PDF
Preview Earth System Processes and Disaster Management
Society of Earth Scientists Series Editor: Satish C. Tripathi Lucknow India For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8785 . Rajiv Sinha Rasik Ravindra l Editors Earth System Processes and Disaster Management Editors RajivSinha RasikRavindra DepartmentofCivilEngineering TheSocietyofEarth IITKanpur Sciences,IndiraNagar Kanpur(UP) NationalCenterforAntarcticandOcean India Lucknow India ISBN978-3-642-28844-9 ISBN978-3-642-28845-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-28845-6 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012943245 # Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface TheEarthisauniqueplanetnotonlyinourSolarSystem,butasfarasweknow,in theaccessibleuniverse.Itisnotjusttheonlyplanetwehave–itistheonlyliving planetweknow,ormayeverknow.Thus,itisthemostremarkablecharacteristicof ourplanet.Humansarenowperhapsthemostgeologicallysignificantspeciesever. Withgrowingpopulation,ourspeciesisdepletingwaterandfuelresources,causing floods and droughts, producing wastes and “greenhouse” gases – disturbing the planet’sdynamicequilibrium.Protectingthepresentbiospherefortheadvancement ofhumansocietyisaresponsibilityofusall.Therefore,understandingtheEarth’s system and its functioning is a prime area of research. We need to integrate our knowledge of different spheres to fully understand the complexity of the Earth System. Modern Earth System Science research not only tends to encompass the interactionsamongland,life,andwaterbutalsoincludesinsightsintothefunction- ingandstabilityofpaleo-ecosystems,understandingofbiodiversitydynamicsover long timescales, and predicting future biosphere vitality. The dynamic Earth Sys- tem is complex and undergoes constant adjustment. Earth scientists are in the forefront of detecting these changes, and finding ways of mitigating them before it is too late. Natural disasters have posed considerable challenge to scientists for makingaccurategeologicalpredictions.ThereisanurgentneedtomaketheEarth scientists working on various domains to sit together to address these societal issues. The Society of Earth Scientists (SES) was constituted during the International YearofPlanetEarth-2008withtheaimtobringearthscientistsofallthedomainsat a single platform, promote multidisciplinary/multiinstitutional research and com- municatewiththesocietytoeducatethemandtounderstandtheirneeds.TheSES organizedaNationalConferenceon“Earthsystemprocessesanddisastermanage- ment.”SelectedpapersaddressedtothetopicarepublishedasSpecialPublication-1 under “The Society of Earth Scientists Series” which is instituted jointly with Springer. The SES requested Dr. Rajiv Sinha, Professor of Geosciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P., India, and Dr. Rasik Ravindra, Director, National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research, Goa, India, to edit this v vi Preface publication. We are thankful to both of them for taking all efforts in bringing out thisqualitypublication.TheSESexpressessinceregratitudetoDr.ShaileshNayak, Secretary,MinistryofEarthSciences,GovernmentofIndiaandPatronofSESfor extending all help and guidance for the cause of earth scientists. The support received from Dr. Chris Bendall, Publishing Editor, Springer- Earth Sciences, Heidelberg, Germany, who is instrumental in instituting this series, is thankfully acknowledged. The SES also expresses its gratitude to earth scientists who con- tributedtheirresearchworkforthisvolume. Ihopethisbookwillprovetobeavalubletreasureofknowledge. SatishC.Tripathi SeriesEditor&HonorarySecretary TheSocietyofEarthScientists Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................... 1 RajivSinhaandRasikRavindra SectionI EarthSystems:CryosphereandHydrosphere 2 GlobalWarmingandtheGlacierRetreat:AnOverview ............. 9 V.K.Raina 3 AsynchronousBehaviorofGlaciersofLadakhHimalaya, J&KState,India ....................................................... 25 R.K.GanjooandM.N.Koul 4 SignaturesandEvidencesofSurgingGlaciersintheShyokValley, KarakoramHimalaya,LadakhRegion, Jammu&KashmirState,India ........................................ 37 AnjaniKumarTangri,RamChandra,andS.K.S.Yadav 5 AntarcticClimateVariabilityDuringthePastFewCenturies BasedonIceCoreRecordsfromCoastalDronningMaudLand andItsImplicationsontheRecentWarming ......................... 51 MelothThamban,SushantS.Naik,C.M.Laluraj,ArunChaturvedi, andRasikRavindra 6 RiverSystemsandRiverScienceinIndia:MajorDrivers andChallenges ........................................................... 67 R.Sinha,VikrantJain,andS.K.Tandon vii viii Contents SectionII Earth’sClimateSystemandPaleoclimate 7 ImpactofClimateChangeonLichenandMossCommunities inNy-A˚lesund,Arctic:SomePreliminaryObservations ............. 93 S.M.SinghandRasikRavindra 8 HighResolutionSouthwestMonsoonReconstructionfor thePast~2,800Years:WindVersusPrecipitation ................... 101 ManishTiwari 9 NewRecordofMagneticPropertiesofLateQuaternarySediments fromtheEasternArabianSea(offGoa):Inferences onPalaeoclimate ........................................................ 113 S.K.PatilandA.D.Singh 10 AnthropogenicClimateChange:ObservedFacts,Projected VulnerabilitiesandKnowledgeGaps ................................. 123 RajeshAgnihotriandKoushikDutta SectionIII NaturalDisasters 11 LandslideHazardAnalysisandManagement:ACaseStudy fromNainital,India ..................................................... 141 D.ChakrabortyandR.Anbalagan 12 NaturalHazardsoftheArabianPeninsula:TheirCauses andPossibleRemediation .............................................. 155 ArunKumar 13 InfluenceofYoung’sModulusandPoisson’sRatio ontheDisplacementAroundaCircularTunnel ..................... 181 A.K.VermaandT.N.Singh SectionIV NaturalResourceManagement 14 GasHydrate:AViableFutureMajorEnergyResource ofIndia ................................................................... 205 KalachandSain Contents ix 15 ImpactCrateringfromanIndianPerspective ....................... 213 JayantaK.PatiandPunitiPati 16 OpticalCharacterizationofBackscatteringbyTotalSuspended MatterandItsCorrelationwithPhytoplanktonConcentration intheArabianSea ...................................................... 231 GunjanMotwani,PrakashChauhan,NiveditaSanwlani, andHiteshSolanki SubjectIndex ................................................................. 241 .
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