Earth Science. Geology, the Environment, and the Universe

1004 Pages·2008·92.59 MB·English

by  McGraw-Hill/Glencoe

i s e
nteractive tudent dition
AUTHORS
Francisco Borrero • Frances Scelsi Hess • Juno Hsu
Gerhard Kunze • Stephen A. Leslie • Stephen Letro
Michael Manga • Len Sharp • Theodore Snow • Dinah Zike
National Geographic
(t, c)Getty Images, (b)Paul Chesley/Getty Images
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About the Photo: The lava photo on the cover was taken in
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the big island of Ha-
waii. The lava in the photo is flowing from active vents on
the flank of Kilauea volcano. When lava flows into the sea,
sulfuric acid in the lava mixes with chlorine in the water to
form a mist of water vapor and hydrochloric acid.
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ISBN-13: 978-0-07-874636-9
ISBN-10: 0-07-874636-1
Printed in the United States of America
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Student Guide
Unit 5
Reading for Information.........................................xxii
Scavenger Hunt ......................................................xxv The Dynamic Earth ......................................464
17 Plate Tectonics .................................................466
18 Volcanism ........................................................498
Unit 1
19 Earthquakes ....................................................526
Earth Science ....................................................2 20 Mountain Building ..........................................560
1 The Nature of Science .........................................4
2 Mapping Our World ..........................................28 Unit 6
Geologic Time ..............................................586
Unit 2
21 Fossils and the Rock Record ............................588
Composition of Earth ....................................56 22 The Precambrian Earth ....................................618
23 The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and
3 Matter and Change ...........................................58
Cenozoic Eras ..................................................646
4 Minerals ............................................................84
5 Igneous Rocks .................................................110
6 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks .............132 Unit 7
Resources and the Environment ...............674
Unit 3
24 Earth Resources ..............................................676
Surface Processes on Earth ........................160 25 Energy Resources ............................................706
26 Human Impact on Resources ..........................732
7 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil .........................162
8 Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers ............192
9 Surface Water ..................................................222 Unit 8
10 Groundwater ...................................................250
Beyond Earth ................................................760
27 The Sun-Earth-Moon System ...........................762
Unit 4
28 Our Solar System .............................................794
The Atmosphere and the Oceans ..............278 29 Stars ................................................................828
30 Galaxies and the Universe ..............................860
11 Atmosphere .....................................................280
12 Meteorology ....................................................312
National Geographic Expeditions .............890
13 The Nature of Storms ......................................342
14 Climate ............................................................374
Student Resources .......................................940
15 Earth’s Oceans ................................................404
Skillbuilder Handbook ............................................941
16 The Marine Environment .................................436
Reference Handbook ..............................................954
English/Spanish Glossary .......................................966
Index ....................................................................1004
Credits..................................................................1027
Contents in Brief iii
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DaMt roC.l ilunFscrkinas nnaatc tCii sCincocouinn nBtrayoti DrMraeuys rSeocuh mois o Cal eahnnitgdeh ra si nrceh sCoeioanrlc cEihna nratsahsto is, ccOiiaehtneico ae. n Hadne Ad h dSajpsu atnnacuitsg hCh utte rEaaactrhotreh ro f Stephen Leslie
sUcnieinvecres iadnadd S dpealn Visahll ef,o Cr oovloemr 2b0ia y, eaanrds. MDSr. aBnodr rPerhoD h doeldgsr eae sB iSn i nbi ozoloogloicgayl sfrcoiemnc es from Courtesy of
ttihoen Ushniipv ebrestiwtye oenf Spohuytshic Cala hroalbinitaa ta ct hCaoralucmterbiisat.i cDs ra. nBdo trhreer do’isv reersseitayr cahn de xdaimstrinibeus ttihone roefl a- Kunze, (5)
natural populations of mollusks. Gerhard
Dr. Frances Scelsi Hess teaches Earth science at Cooperstown High School Courtesy of
iOSinncng iNe eanoewcwneat arYTd,o esara,nk cid.hn Sechhrleuser d A rEiensdcsgeDo itcv hifeaerdto iP mohhne iC r oD oBf elSNul tmaeanw bKd iYa aMpo UprSkan iiSRnvte easretcsedii,e t Tyna.nrc aDedv rfeh.r laoH Ssme crsh etsoch ielesai rvaSse thFdaiet penll uotUomwn A eiovrufeo srtuthsrsiaet tyl ei aaa tca hn-d Courtesy of Juno Hsu, (4)
New Z ealand. Hess, (3)
Scelsi
DoTUTscfean irciCew.ihnv anaeCclnrioehfs. lo iNoiHtryagno,ey rira.amH nB,r edauIersl f iaevoU airP(nrneJche iubhv.D ee Sni grhniosnietinet )anhyr t,eoHi mnsaltdngsos s ushMi pna e hcSrcBl e uugSirnrrd iriac enaed stn tupmchtaihleeyoty ne sdsw pciwyceohnossrea rkafrmkrsinco, d ia mDcss scE r aiM.oae Hprfn atrmchssoeus jossae ctnccfairhsteuo ounsgmocscheine ettN s ntf9,sr att coitIhslinmit-om sgna trNtaiaat tlUuade tTt enierao ei Eivongwaefai rmralts nhie t y Francisco Borrero, (2)Courtesy of Frances
shifts, and modeling global-scale atmospheric chemistry. Courtesy of
(t to b)
Dr. Gerhard Kunze is professor emeritus of geology at the University of
Akron in Ohio. He has a BS in science and a PhD in geophysics from Penn State
University. He was an NRC research associate at Johnson Space Center, Houston,
Texas from 1973–1974. In 1990, Dr. Kunze was awarded a senior Fulbright
scholarship to teach geophysics at the Institute of Geophysics, a department of
the University of Kiel in G ermany.
Dr. Stephen A. Leslie is an associate professor of geology in the
Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Arkansas in Little Rock. His
areas of research include paleontology, stratigraphy, and the evolution of early life
on Earth. He has a BS in geology from Bowling Green State University, an MS in
geology from the University of Idaho, and a PhD in geology from The Ohio State
University.
iv About the Authors
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Zike Stephen Letro has been a meteorologist for the National Weather
Dinah Service, the media, and private industry since 1971. He currently serves as the
Courtesy of MFloerteidoar.o Hloeg irset-cieniv-Cedh ahrigs eB oSf itnh em Netaetoioronlaol gWy efraothme rF Sloerrivdiac eS otaftfeic Ue niniv Jearcskitsyo nwviitlhle a, n
w, (4) emphasis on tropical meteorology. He is a member of the National Hurricane
Sno Center’s Hurricane Liaison Team, and has received numerous awards, includ-
Theodore ing an award for his role in restructuring the National Weather Service.
Courtesy of Dr. Michael Manga is a professor of Earth and planetary science at
Manga, (3) Uin. CE.a Brtehr kseclieeyn.c He efr hoams aH BarSv ianr dg eUonpihvyesriscitsy f. rHomis aMrecaGs iollf Urensievaerrcshit yin acnludd ae PvhoDl-
Courtesy of Michael cHGAameeno oielslor oaigcg iMaycn,a a tlG chSAeeo orcitnpihethuetyyrrs n oiFacfela lAlel ovUmwonel, uiraoitncnioad.n ah naadns drt hedceye Mnivaeamdce itclhwse ao nDf epo lmnaanetedhta sml, faerndodam lh ftyrhdoemr o gtehoel ogy.
Stephen Letro, (2) L30e yne aSrsh. Hare ph asta au gBhSt iEna sretcho Sncdieanryc ee daut cLaivtieornp oaonld H aing hM SSc ihno socl,i eNnecwe eYdourcka, -for
Courtesy of tTieoanc hfreorms A Ssysroacciuatsieo Un noifv Nereswity Y. oMrkr. fSrhoamrp19 w9a1s– 1p9re9s2i,d aenndt opfr ethsied Sencite onfc eth e
(t to b) National Earth Science Teachers Association from 1992–1994. He was a
Presidential Awardee in 1995, and received the 2005 Distinguished Teacher
Award from NSTA and the 2006 NAGT—Eastern Section, Outstanding
Earth Science Teacher.
Dr. Theodore Snow is a professor of astronomy at the University of
Colorado. He has a BA from Yale University, and an MS and PhD from the
University of Washington. Dr. Snow is a founder and former director
of the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy at the University of
Colorado. Dr. Snow led instrument development programs for space-based
telescopes, and is now a member of the Science Team for an ultraviolet spec-
trograph to be installed aboard the Hubble Space Telescope in early 2008.
Dinah Zike is an international curriculum consultant and inventor who
has developed educational products and three-dimensional, interactive graphic
organizers for over 30 years. As president and founder of Dinah-Might
Adventures, L.P., Dinah is the author of more than 100 award-winning educa-
tional publications, including The Big Book of Science. Dinah has a BS and an
MS in educational curriculum and instruction from Texas A&M University.
Dinah Zike’s Foldables are an exclusive feature of McGraw-Hill t extbooks.
National Geographic, founded in 1888 for the increase and diffu-
sion of geographic knowledge, is the world’s largest nonprofit scientific and
educational organization. The Children’s Books and Education Division of
National Geographic supports National Geographic’s mission by developing
innovative educational programs. National Geographic’s Visualizing and
Expeditions features are exclusive components of Earth Science: Geology,
the Environment, and the Universe.
About the Authors v
About the Authors v
Visit author biographies at glencoe.com.
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Teacher Advisory Board
Th e Teacher Advisory Board gave the editorial and design team feedback on the content and de-
sign of the Student Edition. We thank these teachers for their hard work and creative suggestions.
Francisco Borrero Carmen S. D ixon Jane Karabaic
Cincinnati Country Day High East Knox High School Steubenville City Schools
School Howard, OH Steubenville, OH
Cincinnati, OH
Joel Heuberger Terry Stephens
Bill Brown Waite High S chool Edgewood High School
Grandview Heights High School Toledo, OH Trenton, OH
Columbus, OH
Reviewers
Each teacher reviewed selected chapters of Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and
the Universe, and provided feedback and suggestions for improving the eff ectiveness of
the instruction.
Mark Brazo Carolyn C. Elliot Michael J. Passow
Lincoln High School South Iredell High School White Plains Middle School
Portland, OR Statesville, NC White Plains, NY
Gayle R. D awson Sandra Forster-Terrell Jeremy Richardson
Blackman High School Atherton High School Lewis and Clark High School
Murfreesboro, TN Louisville, KY Spokane, WA
William D icks Carol L. J arocha Angela Jones Rizzo
Northville High S chool Northville High School AC Flora High S chool
Northville, MI Northville, MI Columbia, SC
Alvin Echeverria Steve Kluge Terry A. Stephens
Del Sol High School Fox Lane High School Edgewood High School
Las Vegas, NV Bedford, NY Trenton, OH
Wendy Elkins Sussan Nwabunachi Oladipo
Blue Valley Northwest High School Wells Academy High S chool
Overland Park, K S Chicago, IL
vi Reviewers
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Content Consultants
Content consultants each reviewed selected chapters of Science Earth Science:
Geology, the Environment, and the Universe for content accuracy and clarity.
Anastasia Chopelas, PhD Jose Miguel Hurtado, PhD
Research Professor of Earth and Associate Professor of Geology
Space S ciences University of Texas at El Paso
University of Washington El Paso, TX
Seattle, WA
Monika Kress, PhD
Diane Clayton, PhD Assistant Professor of Physics
University of California at Santa Barbara and Astronomy
Santa Barbara, CA San Jose State University
San Jose, CA
Sarah Gille, PhD
Associate Professor Amy Leventer, P hD
Scripps Institution of Oceanography Associate Professor of Geology
and Department of Mechanical and Colgate U niversity
Aerospace E ngineering Hamilton, N Y
University of California San Diego
San Diego, CA Amala Mahadevan, PhD
Associate Research Professor
Alan Gishlick, PhD Department of Earth S ciences
National Center for Science Education Boston University
Oakland, CA Boston, MA
Janet Herman, PhD Nathan Niemi, PhD
Professor and Director of Program Assistant Professor of Geological Sciences
of Interdisciplinary Research in University of Michigan
Contaminant Hydrogeology Ann Arbor, MI
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA Anne Raymond, PhD
Professor of Geology and Geophysics
David Ho, PhD Texas A&M University
Storke-Doherty Lecturer & Doherty College Station, TX
Associate Research Scientist
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Columbia U niversity
New York, NY
Consultants & Teacher Advisory Board vii
Consultants vii
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Your book is divided into chapters
that are organized around Themes,
Big Ideas, and Main Ideas of
Earth Science. Student Guide
Reading for Information .................... xxii
Scavenger Hunt .................................. xxv
THEMES are overarching concepts used
throughout the entire book that help you tie what Unit 1
you learn together. They help you see the connec-
tions among major ideas and concepts. Earth Science ................................ 2
BIG Ideas appear in each chapter and help you
Chapter 1
focus on topics within the themes. The Big Ideas are
The Nature of S cience ............................ 4
broken down even further into Main Ideas.
Section 1 Earth S cience ............................................. 6
MAIN Ideas draw you into more specifi c details Section 2 Methods of Scientists .............................. 10

about Earth science. All the Main Ideas of a chapter Section 3 Communication in S cience ...................... 17
add up to the chapter’s Big Idea.
Chapter 2
Mapping Our W orld .............................. 28
THEMES Section 1 Latitude and L ongitude ........................... 30
Change Section 2 Types of Maps ......................................... 34
Structures Section 3 Remote Sensing ...................................... 41
Geologic Time
Systems
Unit 2
Scientifi c Inquiry
Composition of E arth ................ 56
Chapter 3
Matter and C hange .............................. 58
BIG Idea
Section 1 Matter ..................................................... 60
one per chapter Section 2 Combining M atter ................................... 66
Section 3 States of Matter ...................................... 73
Chapter 4
Minerals ................................................. 84
Section 1 What is a mineral? .................................. 86
MAIN Idea
Section 2 Types of Minerals .................................... 96
one per section
Chapter 5
Igneous R ocks ..................................... 110
Section 1 What are igneous r ocks?....................... 112
Section 2 Classification of Igneous R ocks ............. 118
viii Table of Contents
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Contents
Chapter 6
Unit 4
Sedimentary and Metamorphic
Rocks ................................................ 132 The Atmosphere and
Section 1 Formation of Sedimentary R ocks........... 134 the Oceans ............................. 278
Section 2 Types of Sedimentary R ocks .................. 141
Section 3 Metamorphic Rocks .............................. 145
Chapter 11
Atmosphere ......................................... 280
Unit 3 Section 1 Atmospheric Basics ............................... 282
Section 2 Properties of the Atmosphere ............... 289
Surface Processes
Section 3 Clouds and Precipitation ....................... 297
on Earth ................................. 160
Chapter 12
Chapter 7 Meteorology ....................................... 312
Weathering, Erosion, and Soil ........... 162
Section 1 The Causes of Weather.......................... 314
Section 1 Weathering ........................................... 164 Section 2 Weather Systems ................................... 318
Section 2 Erosion and Deposition ......................... 171 Section 3 Gathering Weather D ata ....................... 324
Section 3 Soil ........................................................ 176 Section 4 Weather Analysis and Prediction ........... 329
Chapter 8 Chapter 13
Mass Movements, Wind, The Nature of S torms ......................... 342
and Glaciers ..................................... 192 Section 1 Thunderstorms ...................................... 344
Section 1 Mass Movements .................................. 194 Section 2 Severe Thunderstorms ........................... 350
Section 2 Wind ..................................................... 201 Section 3 Tropical Storms ...................................... 355
Section 3 Glaciers ................................................. 207 Section 4 Recurrent Weather ................................ 361
Chapter 9 Chapter 14
Surface W ater ..................................... 222 Climate ................................................ 374
Section 1 Surface Water M ovement ...................... 224 Section 1 Defining C limate ................................... 376
Section 2 Stream Development ............................. 232 Section 2 Climate C lassification ............................ 381
Section 3 Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands ............ 238 Section 3 Climatic C hanges .................................. 387
Section 4 Impact of Human Activities ................... 393
Chapter 10
Groundwater ....................................... 250 Chapter 15
Earth’s Oceans .................................... 404
Section 1 Movement and Storage
of Groundwater ......................................... 252 Section 1 An Overview of Oceans ......................... 406
Section 2 Groundwater Weathering Section 2 Seawater ............................................... 413
and Deposition ...................................... 259
Section 3 Ocean Movements ................................ 421
Section 3 Groundwater Supply ............................. 263
Table of Contents ix
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