Earth Observation of Wildland Fires in Mediterranean Ecosystems PDF
Preview Earth Observation of Wildland Fires in Mediterranean Ecosystems
Earth Observation of Wildland Fires in Mediterranean Ecosystems Emilio Chuvieco Editor Earth Observation of Wildland Fires in Mediterranean Ecosystems 123 Editor Prof.Dr.EmilioChuvieco UniversidadAlcaladeHenares FacultadFilosofiayLetras Depto.Geografia CalleColegios,2 22801AlcaladeHenares Spain [email protected] ISBN978-3-642-01753-7 e-ISBN978-3-642-01754-4 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-01754-4 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009930472 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotective lawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:deblik,Berlin Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Iffirebreakout,andcatchinthorns,sothatthestacksofcorn,orthestandingcorn,orthe field,beconsumedtherewith;hethatkindledthefireshallsurelymakerestitution(Exodus, 22,6). Fire was one of the most precious instrument that humans learned to dominate in theearlystagesofcivilization,asourceofheatandlight,aninstrumentforcooking and warming. It was such an indispensable component of the ordinary living that wehavenamedourmostprivatespacetostayastheplacewherethefireconsumes (“hogar”,“fogar”,“foyer”,fromtheLatinname“focus”,fire). However,firehasnotonlybeahousetool,butapowerfulmeanforextensiveland clearing. The expansion of agricultural colonization has been commonly preceded and followed by biomass burning. As the human footprint extended, the Earth’s vegetation has been shaped by fire, which is now a critical factor to understand ecosystemsfunctioningworldwide. Thetraditionalusesoffire,moldedbymillenniaofhuman-natureinterrelation- ships,haverecentlybeenaffectedbysharpchanges,bothinthewayhumansusethe land and in the climatic conditions that also impacted fires in natural cycles. New challengesintheinteractionsbetweenfireandhumansarise.Firebecomesnotonly atoolbutalsoarisk,affectinghumanlives,propertiesandecosystemsattemporal scaleswheretheimpactsaremoredetrimental. TheMediterraneanhasbeenaprivilegedscenarioofthislonghistoryofhuman- firerelationships.Mediterraneanclimatesarecharacterizedbydryandhotsummers, whichcreatefavorableconditionsforfireoutbreaks.Thepresenceoffireisevident both in historic testimonies as well as in the shaping of Mediterranean vegetation communities, which are well adapted to fire impacts. However, recent changes in traditionalhumanlandusesandinclimateconditionscreatenewchallengesforfire management. To review some of those new conditions and propose new tools to monitorthemarethemainobjectivesofthisbook. The first initiative to edit this book came as a result of an offering from the SpringereditorialtoupdatethecontentsofanothervolumeIeditedin1999,named “Remote Sensing of Large Wildfires in the European Mediterranean Basin”. In fact, this new text should be considered rather more as a new book than as an update,sincethescopehasbeenbroadenedand,asaresult,mostofthecontributors v vi Foreword changed.SatelliteEarthObservationtechniquesarestillwidelycoveredinthistext, butadditionalchaptershavebeenincludedtopresentawiderpanoramaoffiredan- ger conditions and fire impacts on the Mediterranean. Among these new contribu- tionsarethechaptersdedicatedtofirepropagationandfireemissions.Additionally, a global ecological context of fire has been introduced, along with the presenta- tionofproblemsassociatedtofiremanagementinotherMediterraneanareasofthe world(ChileandCalifornia). Thebookincludes13chaptersandanextensivelistofreferences,thatarecom- piledattheendofthetexttoavoidduplicationsofthedifferentchapters.Illustrations try to provide a visual image of some of the products generated by the proposed methods, as well as the impacts of fires in different Mediterranean landscapes. A separateplatesectionhasbeenincludedwiththecolorfigures.Theyarequotedin thedifferentchapterswithanasterisk(∗). I sincerely thank the effort of all authors to provide the most recent reviews on the different topics covered in the text. I hope the book will help fire managers, scientists and the general public to better understands fire risk conditions and fire impactsinMediterraneanareas,toreducetheirnegativeeffectsandtakeadvantage oftheirpositiveones. AlcaládeHenares,Spain EmilioChuvieco February2009 Contents 1 GlobalImpactsofFire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 EmilioChuvieco 2 EternalFlame:AnIntroductiontotheFireHistory oftheMediterranean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 StephenJ.Pyne 3 FiresandLandscapeConservationinMediterranean Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 JanW.vanWagtendonk 4 MappingFireRiskinMediterraneanEcosystemsofCalifornia: Vegetationtype,Density,InvasiveSpecies,andFireFrequency . . 41 SusanL.Ustin,DavidRiaño,AlexanderKoltunov, DarA.Roberts,andPhilipE.Dennison 5 FireDanger,FireDetection,QuantificationofBurned AreasandDescriptionofPost-FireVegetationinthe CentralAreaofChile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 DanteCortiGonzálezandRobertoCastroRios 6 WeatherFactorsandFireDangerintheMediterranean . . . . . . 71 AndreaCamiaandGiuseppeAmatulli 7 EstimationofFuelConditionsforFireDangerAssessment . . . . . 83 EmilioChuvieco,JanWagtendonk,DavidRiaño,MartaYebra, andSusanL.Ustin 8 ImpactsofFireonSociety:ExtremeFirePropagationIssues. . . . 97 DomingosX.Viegas,L.M.Ribeiro,M.T.Viegas,L.P.Pita, andC.Rossa 9 EffectsofFireonVegetation,SoilandHydrogeomorphological BehaviorinMediterraneanEcosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 FernandoPérez-Cabello,MaríaTeresaEcheverría, PalomaIbarra,andJuandelaRiva vii viii Contents 10 RemoteSensingofBurnSeverity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 IoannisZ.Gitas,AngeladeSantis,andGeorgeH.Mitri 11 HumanFactorsofFireOccurrenceintheMediterranean . . . . . 149 VittorioLeone,RaffaellaLovreglio,M.PilarMartín, JesúsMartínez,andLaraVilar 12 ForestFireEmissionsandAirPollutioninSouthernEurope . . . . 171 AnaI.Miranda,CarlosBorrego,HelenaMartins,VeraMartins, JorgeH.Amorim,JoanaValenteandAnabelaCarvalho 13 ForestFiresintheEuropeanMediterraneanRegion:Mapping andAnalysisofBurnedAreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 JesúsSan-Miguel-Ayanz,JoseM.C.Pereira,RobertoBoca, PeterStrobl,JanKuceraandAnssiPekkarinen References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 ColourPlateSection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 List of Contributors GiuseppeAmatulli InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability,JointResearch Centre,EuropeanCommission,Ispra(VA),Italy,[email protected] JorgeH.Amorim CESAM,DepartmentofEnvironmentandPlanning,University ofAveiro,Aveiro,Portugal,[email protected] RobertoBoca InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability,JointResearchCentre, EuropeanCommission,Ispra(Va),Italy,[email protected] CarlosBorrego CESAM,DepartmentofEnvironmentandPlanning,University ofAveiro,Aveiro,Portugal,[email protected] AndreaCamia InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability,JointResearch Centre,EuropeanCommission,Ispra(VA),Italy,[email protected] AnabelaCarvalho CESAM,DepartmentofEnvironmentandPlanning, UniversityofAveiro,Aveiro,Portugal,[email protected] EmilioChuvieco DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofAlcalá,Spain, [email protected] JuandelaRiva DepartmentofGeographyandLandManagement,Universityof Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain,[email protected] AngeladeSantis DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofAlcala,Madrid,Spain, [email protected] PhilipE.Dennison UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,USA, [email protected] MaríaTeresaEcheverría DepartmentofGeographyandLandManagement, UniversityofZaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain,[email protected] IoannisZ.Gitas LaboratoryofForestManagementandRemoteSensing, AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Thessaloniki,Greece,[email protected] DanteCortiGonzález ForestryInstituteofChile(INFOR),Chile, [email protected] ix x ListofContributors PalomaIbarra DepartmentofGeographyandLandManagement,Universityof Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain,[email protected] StephenJ.Pyne ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA, [email protected] AlexanderKoltunov UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA,USA, [email protected] JanKucera InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability,JointResearchCentre, EuropeanCommission,Ispra(Va),Italy,[email protected] VittorioLeone DepartmentofCropSystems,ForestryandEnvironmental Sciences,UniversityofBasilicata,CampusMacchiaRomana,85100Potenza, Italy,[email protected] RaffaellaLovreglio DepartmentofCropSystems,ForestryandEnvironmental Sciences,UniversityofBasilicata,CampusMacchiaRomana,85100Potenza, Italy,[email protected] M.PilarMartín CentreforHumanandSocialSciences,SpanishCouncilfor ScientificResearch,Madrid,Spain,[email protected] JesúsMartínez PyreneanInstituteofEcology,SpanishCouncilforScientific Research,Zaragoza,Spain,[email protected] HelenaMartins CESAM,DepartmentofEnvironmentandPlanning,University ofAveiro,Aveiro,Portugal,[email protected] VeraMartins CESAM,DepartmentofEnvironmentandPlanning,Universityof Aveiro,Aveiro,Portugal,[email protected] AnaI.Miranda CESAM,DepartmentofEnvironmentandPlanning,University ofAveiro,Aveiro,Portugal,[email protected] GeorgeH.Mitri LaboratoryofForestManagementandRemoteSensing, AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Thessaloniki,Greece,[email protected] AnssiPekkarinen FinnishForestResearchInstitute,NationalForestInventory, Finland,anssi.pekkarinen@metla.fi JoseM.C.Pereira DepartmentofForestry,SchoolofAgronomy,Technical UniversityofLisbon,Lisbon,Portugal,[email protected] FernandoPérez-Cabello DepartmentofGeographyandLandManagement, UniversityofZaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain,[email protected] L.P.Pita CEIF-ADAI,UniversityofCoimbra,Portugal,[email protected] DavidRiaño NationalResearchCouncil,Madrid,Spain;UniversityofCalifornia, Davis,CA,USA,[email protected] L.M.Ribeiro CEIF-ADAI,UniversityofCoimbra,Portugal,[email protected]
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