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Alfredo M. Ronchi e-Services Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Community e-Services Alfredo M. Ronchi e-Services Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Community AlfredoM.Ronchi PolitecnicodiMilano Milano,Italy ISBN978-3-030-01841-2 ISBN978-3-030-01842-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01842-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018961013 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. CoverPhotograph:PëtrIl’ičČajkovskijStatueinMoscow/PantheonDomeRome,©2018TheAuthor ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface The editorial series “e-Citizens: Being Human in the Digital Age” aims to explore therichsetoftechnologiesandapplicationsthatcharacterisethelivingenvironment of citizens in the digital age and is intended to call attention to fundamental trans- formations in social organisation and structure. The main technologies and issues havebeencarefullydescribedinvolumeone;applicationsdevotedtoe-Democracy are the core of volume two; the present volume is devoted to e-Services, encompassingHealth,Learning,Culture,MediaandNews. Inordertointroducethisvolume,letusreviewalittlebitofthehistoryofinformation technology. One of the most significant changes to occur in the field of information technologyoverthelastfewdecadeswastheimplementationofreal-timecommunica- tionandinformationexchangebetweencomputers—inoneword:networking. AcomputerwasoriginallyconsideredtobelikeLeibniz’s1“monad”,anultimate atom without windows and doors: a sealed entity. Intercommunication processes enabled external access to these monads, allowing information and data exchange betweenthemandthusmultiplyingtheiraddedvalue;networksofcomputerspossess expandedfunctionalitiesandservices.Anumberofdifferentstand-aloneproprietary networksweregraduallymergedintothenetworkofnetworks:theInternet. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academiahavebeenpartnersinevolvinganddeployingthisexcitingnewtechnology.2 1Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (also Leibnitz or von Leibniz) was born on 1 July 1646 (Leipzig, Germany)anddiedon14November1716(Hanover,Germany).Schooltradition:rationalism.Main interests:metaphysics,epistemology,science,mathematicsandtheodicy.Notableideas:calculus, innate knowledge, optimism and monad. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz,last accessedFebruary2019. 2B.M.Leineretal.(2003)AbriefhistoryoftheInternet.InternetSociety,Reston,VA(seehttp:// www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml,lastaccessedFebruary2019). v vi Preface Ofcourse,oneofthemaindriversforInternetusagewastheintroductionofthe hypertext transfer protocol (http), which led to the birth of the World Wide Web, thanks to the contributions of Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau at CERN3 in 1990andthesuccessofMosaicatNCSA4in1992,thefirstwebbrowser. Conceived and developed by “end-users”, one of the most important character- isticsoftheWebcommunity,inthefirsttwoorthreeyearsofitslife,wasthebottom- updecisionmechanismitemployed.Enhancementsandextensionswereproposed, discussed and implemented mainly by active members of the community of researchersandexpertsinvolvedintheprocess. The Web community at that time was a mixture of ICT experts and scientific contentmanagers.Thedoubleroleoftheseprosumerswasprobablyoneofthekey innovative aspects of that community during that period. The subsequent gradual drift from technology developers to general users is a natural process that often occurswithmaturetechnologies.Ithappened,forinstance,inthefieldofcomputer graphics, where computer graphics pioneers worked side by side with creative peopleandspecialeffects(fx)designers. The development of Internet technology unleashed creative energies, the first generations of Websites, mainly due to volunteers often not belonging to the IT sector;don’tforgetthatthecradleoftheWebwasCERN,thetempleofphysicsand subatomicparticles.Webtechnologywasforsureanenablingtechnology,offering to almost everyone the opportunity to contribute to the creation of the textual and, lateron,visualcyberspace. The Internet has incredibly facilitated access to mass communication. This influenced even news and journalism as we will describe later. It combines a worldwidebroadcastingcapabilitywithamechanismforinformationdissemination, whichoffersustheopportunitytoreachawideaudiencewithminimaleffort.Before theInternet,the onlyway toreach wide audienceswas radio and television broadcasting, and before these were invented, mainly printed materials or heralds. In addition, it is a medium that encourages collaborations and interactions between individualsandtheircomputersalmostwithoutregardforgeographiclocation. After the “publishing” hangover, it was the time to manage and structure and index this blob of content and upgrade from information provision to service provision. ICT-based innovation “is not only a matter of technology”. The main aimofthisworkistobridgethegapbetweentechnologicalsolutionsandsuccessful implementation and fruitful utilisation of the main set of e-Services. Different parameters are actively influencing the success or failure of e-Services: cultural 3ThenameCERNisderivedfromtheacronymfortheFrench“ConseilEuropéenpourlaRecherche Nucléaire”,orEuropeanCouncilforNuclearResearch,aprovisionalbodyfoundedin1952withthe mandateofestablishingaworld-classfundamentalphysicsresearchorganizationinEurope.Atthat time,purephysicsresearchconcentratedonunderstandingtheinsideoftheatom,hencetheword “nuclear”.https://home.cern,lastaccessedFebruary2019. 4National Center for Supercomputing Applications, http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu, last accessed February2019. Preface vii aspects, organisational issues, bureaucracy and workflow, infrastructure and tech- nologyingeneral,users’habits,literacy,capacityormerelyinteractiondesign. Thisrequireshavingasignificantpopulationofcitizenswillingandabletoadopt and use online services and developing the managerial and technical capability to implementapplicationstomeettheneedsofcitizens. A selection of success stories and failures, duly commented on, will help the reader in identifying the right approach to innovation in governmental and private e-Services. Thisvolumeispartofacollectionofbooks;thefirstthreevolumesaree-Citizens: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Citizenry, e-Democracy: Toward a New Modelof(Inter)activeSocietyande-Services:TowardaNewModelof(Inter)active Community,allofthempublishedbySpringerInternational2019. TargetAudience Public authorities, decision-makers, stakeholders, solution developers, university students. PrerequisiteKnowledgeofAudience Informedone-Contentande-Services,basicsontechnologyside. Milano,Italy AlfredoM.Ronchi Being Human in the Digital Age Interiorlaboratory—Scene53 “Thetwoenteracylindricallaboratory.Thereisahugeglassturbineinthemiddlewiththe metalgloveinside.ADNAchainscrollsonthecomputerscreen...Mactilburghstartsthe operation rolling as Munro puts his hand on the self-destruct button, ready to use it.Thousandsofcellsformintheheartofthegenerator,anassemblageofDNAelements. Thenthecellsmovedownatube,likeafluid,andgatherinanimprintofaHUMANbody. Stepbystepbonesarereconstructed,thenthenervousandmuscularsystems.Wholeveins wrap around the muscles. An entire body is reconstructing before our very eyes... ASSISTANT...Endofreconstruction,beginningofreanimation.” [LECINQUIÈMEÉLÉMENT(THEFIFTHELEMENT)ISA1997FRENCHSCIENCEFICTIONFILMDIRECTED BYLUCBESSONANDSTARRINGBRUCEWILLIS,GARYOLDMANANDMILLAJOVOVICH.] Thissceneshowsthewaytoreconstructhumanbodiesstartingfromaminimum portion of DNA; the science fiction machinery performs a “3D print” of an entire body,decodingtheinstructionsencapsulatedintheDNA;thescenelooksveryclose toaddictive3Dprinting.Thistechnologyenjoyedgreatpopularityindifferentfields fromdentiststohobbyists;averyspecial3Dprinterwasondisplayontheoccasion of the WSIS Forum 2018 in Geneva; this 3D printer used chocolate instead of monomers,printingchocolateblocksinsteadofbones. Doessciencefictionanticipateournearfutureeveninthefieldofe-Health?Some experimentscarriedoutinthefieldofbiomaterialsandbiotechnologieshavealready tested the use of 3D printers with nanoparticles, so we never know. Anyhow 3D graphicsandprintingarealreadyinusetocreatedifferentprostheses. The field of education and learning was till now the one that didn’t benefit too muchfromdigitaltechnologies,butatthesametimesufferedmorethanmanyother sectors from the shift of paradigm due to cyber technologies. The young are significantly influenced by digital technology; as we will see later in the chapter devoted to e-Learning, the huge number of hours spent playing videogames and watching television has trained their brains to behave in a very different way enabling parallel processing and immediate interaction. These completely new ix x BeingHumanintheDigitalAge abilities, together with the digitally empowered direct access to information, have createdan increasing gap ininformation transmission between “digital immigrant” teachersand“digitalnative”pupils.Theyareusedtoprocessingparallelinputfrom audio,videoandchats,incrediblyimprovingtheirabilitytoabsorbinformationand rather complex concepts. They take advantage of virtual and enhanced reality to activate themostpowerfulandphylogeneticlearningsystem, theperceptive-motor system. They learn by directly experiencing the specific subject by being virtually immersedinthatenvironment,bybeing“hands-on”,tryingandtryingagain;inother words,“learningbydoing”. Following the same fil rouge, we approach “Culture” as a wide territory encompassing different humanities such as heritage in the UNESCO vision, as describedindetailine-Culture5,butevenissuesanddrawbacksduetothecombined action of information communication technologies and globalisation. The global trendtendstohomogeniseandflattendiversitiesinmanyfields;diversitieshaveto beconsideredrichnessnotbarriers.Asaconsequence,arelevantnumberofcultural modelsandlanguagesriskbeingjeopardisedanddisappearing;theyreferto“minor- ities”, or as better expressed by UNESCO IFAP they refer to “minoritised” lan- guagesandculturalmodelsunderthepressureofthedominantones. Afterlearningandculture,thelastchapterisdevotedtomediaandnews,oneof the sectors that on one side deeply took advantage of ICTs and on the other side significantly contributed to forging the brains of young generations. This phenom- enonistermedneuroplasticitybyexperts;socialpsychologyofferscompellingproof that thinking patterns change depending on an individual’s experiences. It is a common understanding that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things; they actually think differently. The environment and cultureinwhichpeopleareraisedaffectsandevendeterminesmanyoftheirthought processes. A major part of the population has already started the journey from Citizens to e-Citizens: already books medical services and downloads the reports through the Internetorreceivescustomisedpressreviewsthankstonewsaggregatorscollecting breakingnewsconcerningtheirpreferredtopicsonthefly. Let’snowstartthisjourneyfromHealthtoMedia. Milano,Italy AlfredoM.Ronchi 5RonchiA.M.(2009),e-Culture:CulturalContentintheDigitalAge,ISBN978-3-540-75273-8, Springer,BerlinHeidelberg. Contents 1 e-Health:Background,Today’sImplementationandFuture Trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 RecentBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 e-HealthinEurope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 AGlobalVision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5 FromMedicalSystemstoe-Health. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 12 1.6 Frome-Healthtom-Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7 ArchivingElectronicPatient’sFolders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.8 IntheClouds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.8.1 HealthintheClouds. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 26 1.9 EthicalDimensionsoftheInformationSociety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.9.1 Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.9.2 InformationEthics(Infoethics). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.9.3 EthicalIssues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.9.4 BioethicalAspectsine-Healthand“m-Health”. . . . . . . 32 1.10 e-HealthandPrivacyIssues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.10.1 TheRFIDRadioTechnology,EthicsandPrivacy. . . . . . 34 1.10.2 MedicalDeviceorFitnessTool?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.10.3 TheUseofDataandPrivacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.10.4 InformedConsentandtheWarsawDeclaration. . . . . . . 40 1.10.5 EUGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR). . . . . . 43 1.11 AGalaxyofHealthServices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.11.1 ServicesintheFieldofDrugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.11.2 HowtoReportonPatient’sSatisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.11.3 EducationandAwareness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1.11.4 MobileVirtualLaboratoriesandMobileMedical Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 1.11.5 “Makers”intheFieldofHealth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 xi