Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions: Explosion Phenomena (Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics)

416 Pages·1991·19.01 MB·English

by  A. L. Kuhl, J. C. Leyer, A. A. Borisov, W. A. Sirignano

Dynamics of Detonations
and Explosions:
Explosion Phenomena

Edited by
A. L. Kuhl

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Los Angeles, California

J.-C. Leyer
Université de Poitiers
Poitiers, France

A. A. Borisov
USSR Academy of Sciences
Moscow, USSR

W. A. Sirignano
University of California
Irvine, California

Volume 134
PROGRESS IN
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS

A. Richard Seebass, Editor-in-Chief
University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder, Colorado

Technical papers presented from the Twelfth International Colloquium on
Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan Tuly
1989, and subsequently revised for this volume.

Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.,
370 L’Enfant Promenade, SW, Washington, DC 20024-2518.
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics

Editor-in-Chief
A. Richard Seebass
University of Colorado at Boulder

Editorial Board

Richard G. Bradley
General Dynamics

John R. Casani
California Institute of Technology
Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Allen E. Fuhs
Carmel, California

George J, Gleghorn
TRW Space
and Technology Group

Dale B. Henderson
Los Alamos National Laboratory

Carolyn L. Huntoon
NASA Johnson Space Center

Reid R. June
Boeing Military Airplane Company

John L. Sunkins
Texas A&M University

John E. Keigler
General Electric Company
Asiro-Space Division

Daniel P. Raymer
Lockheed Aeronautical Systems
Company

Joseph F. Shea
Massachusetts Institute
af Technology

Martin Summerfield
Princeton Combustion Research
Laboratories, Inc,

Charles E. Treanor
Arvin/Calspan
Advanced Technology Center

Norma J, Brennan
Director, Editorial Department

AIAA

Jeanne Godette
Series Managing Editor

AIAA
Table of Contents

XVii

Preface .eccssssccescccassccecneeecnensesansnssnereneuessasceasecenantseantnses seneeee eee,

Chapter I. Vapor Cloud Explosions .

Scaling of Vapor Cloud Explosions After Turbulent Jet Release............3
M. Stock and W. Geiger, Battelle Europe, Frankfurt, Germany, and
H. Giesbrecht, BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany

Effect of Asymmetric Ignition on the Vapor Cloud Spatial Blast .
C. Desrosier, A. Reboux, and J. Brossard, Laboratoire de Recherche
Universitaire, Bourges, France

Experimental Investigation Concerning the Influence of Turbulence
on the Flame Front Velocity of Fuel Gas-Air Mixture
Deflagrations ....

M. Christill and W. Leuckel, Univers:
Germany

it Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe,

Mechanism of Flame Acceleration Along a Tube With Obstacles..........66
Y.-K. Pu and S. Yuan, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China,
and J. Jarosinski, Institute of Aeronautics, Warsaw, Poland, and
Y. G. Johnston and C, W. Kauffman, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan

Explosion in a Vented Vessel Connected to a Duct ..........seseeceeee anne eB
F, Bouhard, B. Veyssiere, Laboratoire d’Energétique et de Détonique,
URA 193 au CNRS, ENSMA, Poitiers, France, and J.-C. Leyer,
Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique de la
Combustion, Poitiers, France, and J. Chaineaux, CERCHAR,
Verneuil-en-Halatte, France

Modelization and Validation Tests of the Discharge in Air of a
Vessel Pressurized by a Flammable Gas..........ccccsccsssssssesssssossnees 104
J. Chaineaux, G. Mavrothalassitis, and J. Pineau, CERCHAR,
Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
Applicability of a Chemical-Equilibrium Model to
Explosion PrOdUcts...ssscssssensscersenersenseveesaesnerscsseenecessecesseresarees 138,
A. A. Borisov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, and
s. A. Gubin and V. A. Shargatov, Moscow Institute of Physical
Engineering, Moscow, USSR

Inverse Numerical Process for Inlet Conditions Calculus from
Experimental Front Determination .. sasenesnecpenaavones savavevercenee 154
R. Saurel, J.-C. Loraud, B. Porterie, and M. Larini, JUSTUSETT
Université de Provence, Marseille, France

Chapter II. Blast Wave Reflections and Interactions ......+..ssse00+ avee 169

Reflection of Shock and Explosion Waves from Surfaces Covered
with Layers of Polyurethane Foam .....+..++++1+00r-seesserere ateresererereee ATL
D. K. Rayevsky, L. G. Gvozdeva, Y. Faresov, USSR Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, USSR, and J. Brossard and P. Bailly, University
of Orléans, Orléans, France

Simulating the kmpact Made by a Shock Wave on a Body
Surrounded by a Layer of Hot or Cold Gas......
V.N, Lyakbov, D. K. Raevsky, and S. M. Kharitonov, USSR
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, and B. J. Zaslavksky, S. Y.
Morozkin, and V. R. Shlegel, VNHFTRI, Moscow, USSR

Turbulent Wall Jet in a Mach Reflection Flow....
A. L. Kuhl, R & D Associates, Los Angeles, California, and R. E.
Ferguson, K.-Y. Chien, W. Glowacki, and P, Collins, Naval
Surface Warfare Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, and H. Glaz,
University of Maryland, Silver Spring, Maryland, and P. Colella,
University of California, Berkeley, California

Numerical Simulation of the Change in the Supersonic Flow Past

a Body Produced by Switching on a Nearby Heat Source .....+

T. V. Bazhenova, V. N. Lyakhov, and $. M. Kharitonov, USSR
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR

233

Shock Waves Produced by Reflected Detonations.
J. E. Shepherd, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Tray, New York, and
A. Teodorczyk, R. Knystautas, and J. H. 8. Lee, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Spherical Wave Interaction with a Liquid-Air Interface:
Analysis of the Holographic Records......0.s.-ssccossssseossnsansesseerest
N, Fargére, Centre d'Etude du Bouchet, Vert-le-Petit, France, and
C. Brochet, Laboratoire d’Energétique et de Détonique, URA 193
au CNRS, ENSMA, Poitiers, France

Formation of Zones with High Particle Concentrations in
Dusty Gas ........ dteceeeetenatteeteeneearseanecneesenesebesanensnseenenensee REeROee?

V. P. Korobeinikov, Far-Eastern Branch of USSR Academy of
Sciences, Vladivostok, USSR

287

vi
Chapter HI. Vapor Explosions.........--1+++++ senneccettescceeaccseseeeeeees BID

Shock Waves from Vapor Explosion in a Shock Tube..........ssce-s0006 295
B. E. Gelfand, S$. P. Medvedev, A. N. Polenov, and S. M. Frolov,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR

Dynamics of Explosive Interactions Between Molten Tin and

Water in Stratified Geometry ...............

G. Ciccarelli, D. L. Frost, and C. Zarafonitis, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Steam Explosion Studies with Molten Iron-Alumina Generated by

Thermite Reactions ......... tees

D. F. Beck, M. Berman, and L. S. Nelson, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico

Application of the Integrated Fuel-Coolant Interaction Code to
a FITS-Type Pouring Mode Experiment ...,..........00..::scereeesseeeoeee 356:
M. F. Young, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New
Mexico

Multiphase Physical Explosion Modeling Using the
CULDESAC Code......cccscssesecssessccssessssensseseeeeeeeecuees:
D. F. Fletcher and A. Thyagaraja, Culham Laboratory, Abingdon
Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

Author Index for Volume 134..

List of Series Volumes ............sssserssececeeee seaneeeeeeesecccerartecsrececeses 409
Preface

The four companion volumes on Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive
Systems and Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions present 91 of the
149 papers given at the Twelfth International Colloquium on the Dynamics
of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS) held at the University of
Michigan in Ann Arbor during July 1989.

These four volumes are included in the Progress in Astronautics and
Aeronautics series published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Inc. Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Systems: Flames
(Volume 131) and Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Systems: Het-
erogeneous Combustion (Volume 132) span a broad area, encompassing
the processes of coupling the exothermic energy release with the fluid
dynamics occurring in any combustion process. Dynamics of Detonations
and Explosions: Detonations (Volume 133) and Dynamics of Detonations
and Explosions: Explosion Phenomena (Volume 134) principally address
the rate processes of energy deposition in a compressible medium and the
concurrent nonsteady flow as it typically occurs in explosion phenomena.
The colloquium, in addition to embracing the usual topics of explosions,
detonations, shock phenomena, and reactive flow, includes papers that
deal primarily with the gasdynamic aspects of nonsteady flow in combustion
systems, the fluid mechanic aspects of combustion (with particular emphasis
on turbulence), and diagnostic techniques used to study combustion phe-
nomena.

In this volume, Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions: Explosion
Phenomena, the papers have been arranged into chapters on vapor cloud
explosions, blast wave reflections and interactions, and vapor explosions.
Although the brevity of this preface does not permit the editors to do
justice to all papers, we offer the following highlights of some of the
especially noteworthy contributions.

Chapter I, Vapor Cloud Explosions, presents recent research on the
safety hazards and explosion damage potential associated with the acci-
dental release of combustible vapor clouds. Stock et al. report on experi-
ments with explosive clouds formed by turbulent jets of propane, natural
gas, or hydrogen released through various-sized orifices. They found sig-
nificant scale effects, e.g., the maximum explosion pressure increased with
the size of the vapor cloud and with the turbulence level in the jet. Desrosier
and coworkers have experimented with asymmetric explosions of vapor
clouds, They present results on how the ignition asymmetry of a hemi-
spherica} cloud affects the scaled blast wave parameters such as peak pres-
sures, blast durations, and impulses. This chapter also contains articles on
flame acceleration due to obstacles, Christill and Leuckel used rod-shaped
grids to accelerate flames in methane-air mixtures in a shock tube, Max-
imum flame speeds of 250 m/s and peak pressures of 0.8 bars were meas-
ured. Pu et al, also report significant flame acceleration by obstacles for
methane-air and cornstarch-air mixtures.

Chapter H, Blast Wave Reflections and Interactions, presents a number
of articles on the interaction of blast waves with real surfaces. For example,
Rayevsky et al, have studied the normal reflection of a blast wave from a
rigid wall coated with polyurethane foam. They found that, contrary to
intuition, the foam layer significantly increased the peak reflected pressure
on the wall. Lyakhov and coworkers report on shock reflections from a
body with a hot or cold gas layer. Kuhi et al. present a detailed simulation
of a double-Mach reflection from a dusty wall. By using a nondiffusive
numerical scheme and adaptive mesh refinement, they were able to directly
calculate the mixing in the unstable wall jet and dusty boundary layer flow.
Similarity coordinates were used to average the fluctuating flow and thereby
determine the dusty boundary layer profiles. Shepherd et al. report on the
Tepeated reflections of detonation-driven blast waves in containers.

Chapter III, Vapor Explosions, reviews a new phenomena known as
vapor explosions. Such explosions involve no chemical energy release;
instead, they are caused by the rapid vaporization of a cold liquid due to
heat transfer from a hot liquid or surface. Gelfand and coworkers present
results of planar shock and rarefaction waves generated by the sudden
expansion of a high temperature, high pressure water system in a shock
tube. They find that explosive boiling can create a shock wave with a very
jong compression phase duration, while condensation of the saturated va-
por in the rarefaction wave decreases the shock wave intensity. Ciccarelli
and coworkers report on the dynamics of explosive interactions between
molten tin droplets and water. The explosion wave propogates as a quas-
icontinuous series of sequential local explosions. (The collapse of a vapor
bubble on one droplet generated a pressure wave that triggered the ex-
plosion of a neighboring droplet.) The explosion wave propagated at about
40 m/s (independent of the explosion yield) and generated peak pressures
of 2-8 bars. This chapter also contains articles on steam explosion studies
with molten iron-alumina generated by thermite reactions—both experi-
mental, by Beck and coworkers, and computer simulations by Young as
well as Fletcher and Thyagaraja.

The companion volumes, Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Sys-
tems: Flames (Volume 131), Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Sys-
tems: Heterogeneous Combustion (Volume 132), and Dynamics of Deto-
nations and Explosions: Detonations (Volume 133), include papers on ignition
dynamics, diffusion flames with shear effects, dynamics of flames and shear
layers, turbulent flames, flame propagation in combustion engines, com-
bustion of dust-air mixtures, droplet combustion, combustion at solid and
liquid surface and combustion diagnostics, gaseous detonations, detonation
initiation and transmission, nonideal detonations and boundary effects,
and multiphase detonations.

These four volumes will, we trust, help satisfy the need first articulated

xviii
in 1966 and will continue the tradition of augmenting our understanding
of the dynamics of explosions and reactive systems begun the following
year in Brussels with the first colloquium. Subsequent colloquia have been
held on a biennial basis: 1969 in Novosibirsk, 1971 in Marseilles, 1973 in
La Jolla, 1975 in Bourges, 1977 in Stockholm, 1979 in Gottingen, 1981 in
Minsk, 1983 in Poitiers, 1985 in Berkeley, 1987 in Warsaw, and 1989 in
Ann Arbor. The colloquium has now achieved the status of a prime in-
ternational meeting on these topics, and attracts contributions from sci-
entists and engineers throughout the world.

To provide an enduring focal point for the administrative aspects of the
ICDERS, the organization was formally incorporated in the state of Wash-
ington under the name Institute for Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive
Systems (IDERS). Professor J. R. Bowen is serving as the current presi-
dent. Communications may be sent to

Dean J. R. Bowen

President, IDERS

College of Engineering FH-10
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, USA 98195

The proceedings of the first six colloquia have appeared as a part of the
journal Acta Astronautica, or its predecessor, Astronautica Acta. With the
publication of the Seventh Colloquium, the proceedings now appear as
part of the Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics series published by
the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Acknowledgments

The Twelfth Colloquium was held under the auspices of the Department
of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, July 23-
July 28, 1989. Local arrangements were organized by Professors C. W.
Kauffman and M. Sichel. Publication of the Proceedings was made possible
by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Defense Nuclear
Agency of the United States.

Preparations for the Thirteenth Colloquium are now under way. The
meeting will be held at Nagoya University, July 28-August 2, 1991. Pro-
fessor T. Fujiwara of the University’s Department of Aeronautical Engi-
neering is chairman of the local organizing committee.

A.L, Kuhl
J.-C. Leyer

A. A. Borisov
W. A. Sirignano

January 1991
Chapter I. Vapor Cloud Explosions