Dynamics of Arterial Flow

475 Pages·1979·14.35 MB·English

by  Stewart Wolf

DYNAMICS OF
ARTERIAL FLOW
ADV ANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
Nathan Back State University 01 New York at Buffalo
N. R. Di Luzio Tulane University School 01 Medicine
Bernard Halpern College de France and Institute ollmmuno·Biology
Ephraim Katchalski The Wei::mann Institute 01 Science
David Kritchevsky Wistar Institute
Abel Lajtha New York State Research Institute lor Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction
Rodolfo Paoletti University 01 Milan
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DYNAMICS OF ARTERIAL FLOW
Edited by Stewart Wolf and Nicholas T. Werthessen
DYNAMICS OF
ARTERIAL FLOW
Edited by
Stewart Wolf
St. Luke's Hospital
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
and
Nicholas T. Werthessen
The Office of Naval Research
Boston, Massachusetts
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Totts Gap Colloquium on Dynamics of Arterial Flow, 1976.
Dynamics of arterial flow.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 115)
Proceedings of the Totts Gap Colloquium on Dynamics of Arterial Flow, held
in Delaware Water Gap, Pa., June 1976.
Includes index.
1. Hemodynamics - Congresses. 2. Arteries - Congresses. 3. Blood flow-
Congresses. I. Wolf, Stewart George, 1914· II. Werthessen, Nicholas The.
odore, 1911· III. Totts Gap Institute. IV. Title. V. Series.
QPI05.T67 1976 616.1'36'071 79·9170
ISBN 978-1-4684-7510-4 ISBN 978-1-4684-7508-1 (eBook)
DOr 10.1007/978-1-4684-7508-1
Proceedings of the Totts Gap Colloquium on Dynamics of Arterial Flow,
held in Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania, June 7-9, 1976
© 1979 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. lOOll
All righ ts reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Preface
This volume contains the edited transcript of the Second
Topical Colloquium based on leads developed at the original
conference on the artery and the process of arteriosclerosis
(the Lindau Conference of 1970). The first follow-up colloquium
on "The Smooth Muscle of the Artery" was held in Heidelberg in
1973. Planning for the present one was undertaken by the editors
with Dr. C. Forbes Dewey, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The meeting itself was held June, 1976 at the Delaware
Water Gap, Pennsy1vani~, under the joint sponsorship of Totts
Gap Institute and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
with financial support from the American Heart Association,
the Office of Naval Research, and the Smith, Kline and French
Company.
The objective of the series of meetings, beginning at
Lindau has been to examine from an interdisciplinary and
international point of view the fundamental physiologic and
pathophysiologic processes pertinent to the development of
arteriosclerosis. This colloquium sought to examine critically
the evidence relating hemodynamic forces to atherogenesis, to
reconcile disparate findings and interpretations in so far as
possible; and to make a synthesis of the present state of
knowledge of the dynamics of arterial flow.
Grateful acknowledgement is made for the valuable assistance
of Joan Martin and Helen Goodell in the entire editorial process.
The editors acknowledge with thanks the secretarial assistance
of Moira Martin, Colleen Nagle, Cindy Carter and Pat Ide. Special
thanks are due Joy Lowe who executed the entire final manuscript.
v
Participants
S. BJORKERUD, Sweden A. MALL IAN I , Italy
T. CAREW, U.S.A. P. MANSFIELD, U.S.A.
C. CARO, England W. MEYER, Germany
S. CHIEN, U.S.A. R. NEREM, U.S.A.
C. COLTON, U.S.A C. SCHWARTZ, U.S.A.
R. COX, U.S.A. E. SMITH, Scotland
F. DEWEY, U.S.A. L. STONE, U.S.A.
D. FRY, U.S.A. B. TAYLOR, U.S.A.
H. GREENE, U.S.A. S. WEINBAUM, U.S.A.
D. KENYON, U.S.A. N. WERTHESSEN, U.S.A.
K. LEE, U.S.A. S. WOLF, U.S.A.
vi
Contents
Chapter 1
ANA'I'OHICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF ARTERIES 1
Chapter 2
FLUID HECHANICS OF ARTERIAL FLOW • • • • • • • • • • • •• 55
Chapter 3
CONTROL OF VASOMOTOR FUNCTION AND THE
HEHODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE
CONTRACTILE BEHAVIOR OF ARTERIES 105
Chapter 4
HYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS 193
Chapter 5
HETABOLIC ACTIVITIES IN THE ARTERIAL WALL 245
Chapter 6
TRAHSPORT OF PROTEIN AND LIPID INTO THE
ARTERIAL WALL • • • • . • • • • • • 299
Chapter 7
HEMODYNAllIC CONTRIBUTION TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS 353
INDEX 467
vii
Chapter 1 ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
ARTERIES
DR. SCHWARTZ: First let us review the light microscopic
structure of a variety of arteries derived from differing
anatomical sites. The common
Muscular and Elastic iliac artery, for example,
Arteries contains numerous smooth
muscle cells, and only a few
fine ramifying elastic processes. This artery is typical of
those classfied as "muscular" arteries. An anatomical
neighbor, the external iliac artery, is also predominantly
muscular with but few elastic processes. It is interesting
to note the tendency for a double type of internal elastic
lamina in this artery, the pathological or physiological
significance of which r.emains uncertain. The internal iliac
artery is an intermediate musculo-elastic artery with quite
a significant amount of elastin present relative to the
external or common iliac arteries.
DR. WERTHESSEN: You have used the name iliac continuously.
Are these from different people or from different sections
of the same artery?
DR. SCHWARTZ: Different branches of a single major
arterial trunk. The common carotid artery is classically
described as being an elastic type artery with considerable
elastin in its media. More peripherally, its major branch,
the internal carotid artery, undergoes morphological
transformation and where it enters the skull is predominantly
muscular in configuration. Also intriguing is the marked
concentration of elastin in the innermost media. The reason
for this structural appearance has yet to be explained.
Another important vessel to the brain, the vertebral artery,
is predominantly muscular in type. It is thus apparent that
some arteries are predominantly elastic, some are predominantly
muscular, and others have an intermediate structure, to
which we ascribe the category, musculo-elastic. These
structural types have been described in detail previously
(1). There is no clear cut correlation between the muscularity
or elastic composition of the artery and the propensity to
*Studies reported here done in collaboration with
Ross G. Gerrity, Ph.D. Department of Pathology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
1
2 CHAPTER 1
develop atherosclerosis. Some muscular arteries develop
severe disease, as do some elastic arteries. Why then are
there these dramatic differences in structure? What are
their functional correlates, if any?
Now let us turn to the development and ultrastructure
of the arterial media. Histologically, if one compares the
structure of an elastic
Arterial Development artery (such as the aorta)
from a newborn animal with the
same artery from a mature animal, several distinct differences
emerge. There is a 2-3 fold increase in wall thickness
which is not due to an increase in the number of elastic and
muscular laminae, which remains constant (2), but rather, to
a marked increase in the volume occupied by elastin, and, to
a lesser extent, collagen. For example, in the rat aorta,
the volume of aortic media occupied by elastic tissue
increases from about 12% in the newborn to 52% at three
months of age; collagen content (volume) increases from 2%
to about 20% in the same time span (2). The volume occupied
by smooth muscle cells in the same period shows an inverse
relationship to the total connective tissue volume, dropping
from about 60-70% in the newborn to about 20% in the adult
rat (2). Subsequent thickening in old age in the absence of
lesion formation occurs to some extent in the media, but to
a greater extent in the intima, which frequently exhibits a
diffuse thickening which, in some areas, can increase wall
thickness by a factor of three to five (3).
Ultrastructurally the newborn to one-week-old rat aorta
reveals very little collagen or elastin relative to a more
adult vessel (Fig.l-~.
Formation of Collagen Numerous elongated, spindle
and Elastin shaped cells with copious
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and
prominent Golgi are present. There are a few discernible
myofilaments in the peripheral cytoplasm of these cells, but
at this stage of development medial cells are morphologically
more like fibroblasts than smooth muscle cells. At two weeks
of age the ER and Golgi remain conspicuous, but myofilaments
are now readily discernible (Fig. l-~. Extracellularly,
there is a distinct increase in the amount of elastin, and
scattered clumps of collagen fibrils begin to make their
appearance. At four weeks of age (Fig. l-~ the lamellae are
wider, and branches of elastin extend between cells. There
is also an increased amount of collagen present in the media
at this point in time, mainly pericellular.
ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3
Fig. 1-1: Transmission electron micrograph of the aortic
media of newborn rat. Medial cells (MC) resemble fibroblasts,
with prominent Golgi (G), rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
and only a few myofilaments (MF) in the peripheral cytoplasm.
Only a few collagen fibrils (C) and elastic tissue bundles
(EL) are visible. X 10,000.