Dynamic Behavior of Materials

684 Pages·1994·24.079 MB·English

by  Marc André Meyers

D y n a m i c
B e h a v i o r
aterials
Marc A. Meyers
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF
MATERIALS
Dynamic Behavior of Materials. M. A. Meyers
Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF
MATERIALS
Marc Andre Meyers
University of California, San Diego
A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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Library of Congress Calologing in Publication Data:
Meyers, Marc A.
Dynamic behavior of materials/Marc A. Meyers.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-471-58262-X
I. Deformations (Mechanics) 2. Materials-Mechanical properties.
3. Micromechanics. I. Title.
TA417.6.M49 1994
620.1'123-dc20 93-33109
Lovingly dedicated to the memory
of my father, Henri Meyers.
BLUE WAVES
Soldiers who dream of wars
Mothers who dream of milk
Lovers their dreams are sweet.
But I, I dream of blue
Blue waves merging thought and skies
Blue waves drowning in the sea
Blue waves in your blue eyes.
Shelly Bustamante
''Chronicles of the Higher Seas''
GOLNAZ OF THE NIGHT
Golnaz of the night
In the curl of your hair
In the curve of your neck
In the scent of your skin
In your eyes full of li(v)es.
And the wave of your tigh
That meets my embrace
In the folds of the night
And my pain and my pride
On the sands of this tide.
The sand is so true
Not mine but the wave's
Not now but for ages
And so are you dear
As the sand by my fingers
You will flow to the wave
Leaving only my longing
And my pain and my pride.
Amdur Hafez
''Poems for a Last Love''
PREFACE
This book has a simple objective: to provide the reader (typically, an engi
neering student, engineer, or a materials scientist) with a working knowledge
of dynamic events in materials. It presents theory, experimentation, and ap
plications in a balanced way. It contains example problems throughout the
chapters. It is directed at an engineering/science student with either senior or
graduate standing with a working knowledge of calculus; derivations are pa
tiently worked out in a step-by-step manner, and elegance has been sacrificed
for ease of comprehension. The sequence of topics progresses from the me
chanics of high-strain-rate deformation (primarily, but not exclusively, elastic,
plastic, shock, and detonation waves) to the dynamic response of materials
(constitutive models, shear instabilities, dynamic fracture). The last chapter
addresses the various topics of technological importance in a broad way, de
veloping, where appropriate, the most fundamental quantitative treatment. The
topics have not been covered in an exhaustive manner, and a great deal of
important work has been left out for the sake of conciseness. The references
at the end of the chapters provide some additional information. The study of
dynamic processes in materials has been intensively carried out, especially since
World War 11, at major research laboratories throughout the world. Many
thousands of research papers have been published in these past 50 years, and
this author was forced to ignore a great fraction of this work. This is primarily
a textbook, and no attempt has been made to cover the field exhaustively; thus,
important contributions have been overlooked.
This book represents the response to a need clearly felt among students by
this author for the past 20 years. Most scientists/engineers entering this field
acquire their knowledge through an informal learning process, consisting of
seminars, verbal discussions, monographs, and research papers. This is a
lengthy and inefficient process, and the development of formal courses in which
the topics are presented in a unified and sequential manner presents enormous
advantages. This book was developed as a senior level/graduate text, and the
material can be comfortably (and integrally) covered in a two-semester se
quence. The book was the outgrowth of class notes developed at the Military
Institute of Engineering, (Brazil), the New Mexico Institute of Mining and
Technology, and the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). It is biased
ix
X PREFACE
to the author's scientific interests and uses, in a disproportionate manner, ex
amples from the author's research work. Nevertheless, an attempt was made
to retain the generality and breadth needed to make it useful to a wide com
munity. It is well suited for short courses to be taught to engineers/scientists
in defense/ordnance laboratories.
The writing of this book would not have been possible without the help
provided by colleagues and students. I was "baptized" at age 12, when I
managed to initiate a detonator and lacerate my hands and face. In the Army,
Captain Mendon~a continued my education, and I felt the intense rush and
ecstasy of TNT explosions. We would, after removing the casing, approach
the detonation as much as possible to photograph the event. At the University
of Denver, R. N. Orava initiated me into this esoteric science, and I owe him
a great deal. He patiently guided me through my initial stumblings in this field.
L. E. Murr played a key role in my professional development. He enabled my
most fruitful nine-year tenure at New Mexico Tech by attracting me to Socorro.
He laid the groundwork for shock-wave research at that institution and I con
tinued his endeavor. The great help given by Jaimin Lee (Taejon, South Korea)
should not go unmentioned. He taught me many aspects of wave propagation.
Equally helpful was· Masatake Yo shida (National Chemical Laboratory for In
dustry; Japan), whose MYIDL code is an important teaching tool. Drs. N. N.
Thadhani; L. H. Leme Louro; A. Ferreira; U. Andrade; S. L. Wang; S. N.
Chang; L. H. Yu, J. C. LaSalvia, Mrs. D. A. Hoke, H. C. Chen, and S. S.
Shang; and Y. J. Chen, S. Christy, C. Wittman, C. Y. Hsu, and K. C. Hsu
were intelligent and dedicated students. N. N. Thadhani taught this course with
me in Socorro and provided valuable input. At UCSD, I was fortunate to meet
a bright young scholar, G. Ravichandran. He was of great value and his input
can be seen throughout this book. Collaborations with D. Benson, A. H. Chok
shi, J. Isaacs, S. Nemat-Nasser, J. Starrett, and K. S. Vecchio are gratefully
acknowledged. At Sandia National Laboratories, the interactions and constant
admonitions of R. Graham (" ... experiments have to be quantitative and
reproducible ... ") were precious and encouraged me to pursue this subject
further. While at the Army Research Office, the leadership and guidance pro
vided by George Mayer were essential in helping me to formulate a broader
picture of the field; I owe him a great debt of gratitude. The many discussions
with K. Iyer have also been, throughout these past years, a source of stimu
lation.
Many collaborators, from EOD (Explosives and Ordnance Disposal) tech
nicians to graduate students and from secretaries to program managers, are not
mentioned here. However, they have all contributed to this endeavor for which
I, solely, will be recognized. To all of them, my gratitude. In addition, I asked
a group of colleagues to review this manuscript and am very thankful for their
criticism and input: D. Benson reviewed and rewrote Section 6.6; R. Graham
reviewed Chapter 8; K. H. Oh reviewed Chapter 5; K. Iyer reviewed Chapter
17; R. J. Clifton reviewed Chapter 3; V. F. Nesterenko reviewed the manu
script from cover to cover and improved it considerably.
PREFACE Xi
Last, but not least, I thank the competent typing of Kay Baylor and Tina
Casso. The Army Research Office (A. Crowson, E. S. Chen, W. Simmons)
and National Science Foundation (R. J. Reynik and B. MacDonald) generously
supported me for the past 15 years; 15 more years are needed for completion
of the opus.
La Jolla, California
January 1994